2013年考研英语一真题命题来源探秘及启示
2013年考研英语一真题命题来源探秘及启示
就像舌尖上的中国一样,笔者纵观历年考研英语真题试卷,发现考研英语命题老师在命题的时候,选材很有讲究,他们一般会浏览最新的外文期刊杂志,比如Business-week, Economist, New Scientist, Time等,从中挑出一些专业性强的学术性的文章,然后细读其中的部分内容,选好文章后,命题老师会对原文进行以下五方面的改编或加工:
首先,命题老师会删去文章原有的标题。由于英语文章标题经常能概括文章的主题,所以如果出现在阅读考题的试卷里,那么文章主旨大意就未睹先知。因此为了测试对文章主题和其他内容的理解,阅读理解原文的标题一律都要删去,然后让考生根据文章的内容去总结和把握,所以主旨题的出题方式就应运而生了,因此主旨题是最容易设置的出题方式。
其次,命题老师会删掉一些不必要的细节性内容。考研的文章不能太长,一般是400—480字之间,出于把文章字数控制在要求范围内的考虑,因此一些可有可无的细节、比如太长的职衔、地名或组织机构的名称,某些太多的对主题句的细节描写,甚至没有出题点的整个段落,只要不影响文章总体结构,这些细节内容都要删除。比如今年的完型填空题,命题老师在原文中删掉了部分细节句子,这对考生而言理解起来有一定困难。
然后,命题老师替换超纲词汇或直接删除。为了将超纲词汇控制在所要求的范围内(全文生词量的3%),也为了便于考生真正发挥阅读水平,有些超纲词汇要求删掉或直接用简单词汇来替换。
接着,命题老师合并拆分段落。为了使文章语言更加精炼,结构更加严谨,在删去部分内容后,为使上下文连贯,相邻段落被合并。为了使上下文更有层次,有时也会将统一的段落拆分。
最后,命题老师加工成考研英语试卷。经过以上四步改编之后,改过的文章不仅没有破坏原文的结构和内容,反而显得更加精炼:结构严谨,层次清晰,一篇成型的考研英语阅读文章就此宣告完成。
下面我把2013年考研英语文章的命题来源发给大家,希望2014年的考生关注此类学术性的杂志或报刊。当然也是黄涛老师上课必选的资料,因此跟着老师走,尽早了解考研英语文章的出题来源和思路对广大考生很有帮助。
一.2013年知识运用试题来源
这次知识运用试题选材来自考研英语必考杂志《经济学人》,原文标题是:A Question of Judgment;原文链接:http://www.economist.com/node/21556895;选项里的大多数单词都能认识,但不一定能选对,这属于考研英语出题的一大特色—熟词生义。文章难度适中,选项看似容易,但选择起来总感觉模糊不清,很难做判断。命题专家在出题的时候也进行了一定程度的改写和删除。
A NEVER-ENDING flow of information is the lot of most professionals. Whether it comes in the form of lawyers’ cases, doctors’ patients or even journalists’ stories, this information naturally gets broken up into pieces that can be tackled one at a time during the course of a given day. In theory, a decision made when handling one of these pieces should not have much, if any, impact on similar but unrelated subsequent decisions. Yet Uri Simonsohn of the University of Pennsylvania and Francesca Gino at Harvard report in Psychological Science that this is not how things work out in practice.
Dr Simonsohn and Dr Gino knew from studies done in other laboratories that (命题老师从这句话开始设置考题,黄涛注)people are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1. grants the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2. external factors. (But in a world of quotas and limits—in other words, the world in which most professional people operate—the two researchers suspected that it was actually a weakness.在考试中命题老师删掉了) They speculated that an inability to consider the big 3. picture was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4. For example, they theorized that a judge 5. fearful of appearing too soft 7. on crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 8. if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.
To 8. test this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. (Admissions officers interview hundreds of applicants every year, at a rate of 4% a day, and can offer entry to about 40% of them在试卷中删掉了). In theory, the 9. success of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10. chosen randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn and Dr Gino suspected the truth was 11. otherwise.
They studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12. conducted by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13. rated applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14. took numerous factors into consideration, including communication skills, personal drive, team-working ability and personal accomplishments. The scores from this rating were 15 then used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16. marked out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn and Dr Gino discovered that their hunch was right. If the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17. before that, then the score for the next applicant would 18. drop by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19. undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20. necessary.
(最后一段命题老师没有选用)As for why people behave this way, Dr Simonsohn proposes that after accepting a number of strong candidates, interviewers might form the illogical expectation that a weaker candidate “is due”. Alternatively, he suggests that interviewers may be engaging in mental accounting that simplifies the task of maintaining a given long-term acceptance rate, by trying to apply this rate to each daily group of candidates. Regardless of the reason, if this sort of thinking proves to have a similar effect on the judgments of those in other fields, such as law and medicine, it could be responsible for far worse things than the rejection of qualified business-school candidates.
二.2013年考研英语阅读理解Part A 文章命题来源Text 1
第一篇文章出自 2012年6月21日Business-week 上的一篇文章,文章有一定难度。从整个文章脉络来看,文章的第一段用事例引入,第二段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”,并指出它破坏了时尚周期,动摇了时尚产业。第三四段指出“快时尚”这种变革的弊端,比如:给自然资源造成压力、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象。最后两段提到针对“快时尚”的不良影响,可以采取的解决办法。
Text 2
第二篇文章2012年6月9日Economist上的一篇文章,原文名《Microsoft and Privacy: Change of track 》主要讲述了广告商如果获得了用户的在线行为数据,就能省下很大一部分广告费用,但跟踪用户行为是否合理是本文主要探讨的一个问题。美国的微软公司率先做出表率,称即将推出的IE10中,将“不允许跟踪”设置成默认。但这一举措令广告商们惶恐不已。因为,这意味着他们就不能收集到有关用户偏好的信息,那么,他们投放广告的费用无疑就会变大。并且,美国广告主协会会长Bob Liodice声称:“对于用户来说,他们看到的将是那些更没有意义、更没有针对性的广告”。虽然,微软在自己的博客中写道“我们认为用户应该有更大的话语权”。但很显然,作者对于微软单单采取这一措施的动机表示质疑,认为它们是在与谷歌做竞争。
Text 3
第三篇文章选自New Scientist,是一篇科普类的阅读文章,论述的主题是人类越发光明的前景The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind。
Text 4
第四篇文章出自2012年6月25日Wall Street Journal上的一篇文章,论述的是有关联邦政府和州政府之间一些法律上的问题,由于需要一定的背景知识,因此理解起来有一定难度,对考生构成一定的阅读障碍。
三.阅读Part C 翻译
翻译试题的选材来自一本小品文集Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition,像往年一样,英语(一)试题的翻译选材,出题人特别喜欢从某一本书中去摘选或改编,今年的翻译试题改编自该书的59页到61页的一些内容。总体而言,今年翻译试题总体感觉是“易懂难翻”。
2013年考研英语文章的选材,依然保持了新颖、时效、广泛,专业性强、句子结构复杂等特点,对于备考2014年考研的同学来说具有很大的借鉴作用,所以建议广大2013年的考生从现在开始就要开始广泛阅读外文报刊杂志,读懂专业性很强的一些学术性的文章,同时关注黄涛考研博客http://blog.sina.com.cn/huangtaokaoyan和和新浪微博:黄涛考研。
四.给2014年参加考研的全国的黄桃们几点建议:
首先,要加强词汇记忆基本功,特别是专业性的词汇。从文章的改写情况和考试命题趋势来看,考研对于大纲词汇要求还是很严格的,所以在准备考试的初期阶段就要背好单词,突破单词关。
其次,注意阅读最新时效性强的外文报刊文章。选择较新的辅导材料和语言素材,尤其是2011年之后的外文报刊文章。从今年的试题来源来看,大部分选自2012年上半年的报刊文章。考研阅读理解部分的文章和考题的风格紧扣时代的节奏,主题很鲜明突出。因此选择合适的考研阅读素材来加强阅读是成功的第一步,这一点对于2014考研的学子来说尤其重要。
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