Everybody loves afat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleaguehas been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, youmight even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all toohuman”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not becapable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by SarahBrosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which hasjust been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well。

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchinmonkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, andthey share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good andservices” than males。

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. deWaal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys toexchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchangepieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed inseparate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other wasgetting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different。

In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and muchpreferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange forher token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange atall, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of thechamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presenceof a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enoughto induce resentment in a female capuchin。

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, areguided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-livingspecies. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feelsit is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are notthe preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes thesefeelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether sucha sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whetherit stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is, as yet, an unanswered question。

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A] posing a contrast。

[B] justifying an assumption。

[C]making a comparison。

[D]explaining a phenomenon。

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature。

[C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research mostprobably because they are

[A]more inclined to weigh what they get。

[B]attentive to researchers’ instructions。

[C]nice in both appearance and temperament。

[D]more generous than their male companions。

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in theirstudy that the monkeys

[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers。

[B]can be taught to exchange things。

[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated。

[D]are unhappy when separated from others。

25. When can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions。

[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source。

[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do。

[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild。

　名师解析

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by 第一段，作者引入主题是通过

[A] posing a contrast. 提出一个对照。

[B] justifying an assumption. 证明假定是正确的。

[C] making a comparison. 作出一个比较。

[D] explaining a phenomenon 解释一个现象。

【答案】 C

【考点】 写作手法题。

【分析】 从题目入手可以节约时间，增强阅读目的性，有的放矢。第一题的题目告诉我们需要先确定主题。如前所述，一段文章的主题同样可能就隐藏在一句关键的话中。从文章第一段讲人会因为不公平而愤怒，推导动物会不会呢?有人认为不会，但是科学研究表明猴子同样会。这就是关键句，这就是作者要讨论的主题。[A]选项表示对比，相反或不同，可是文章说的是猴与人类似，所以不选。[B]选项原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样，所以这个答案不对。[D]选项解释现象，这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来。

22. The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line, Paragraph l) implies that

“太猴子化”(第一段最后一行)这一说法的言下之意是

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。

猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒。

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature。

痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性。

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。

猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒。

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。

除了猴子以外，没有动物能够产生出这样的感情。

【答案】 B

【考点】 推断题。

【分析】 由于题目表面看上去是问一个词组的意思，所以很多人纠缠在字面意义上。实际上，考生只有先理解“all too human”然后才能够理解“all too monkey”。[A]选项谈到“猴子也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒。”文章中开篇的时候只是说人会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，没有说动物也会被懒散的竞争对手激怒，所以不选。[C]选项说“猴子和人一样，也会彼此嫉妒。”这个选项是最大的干扰项。在对文章经过仔细的阅读后，考生可以发现，作者的主题就是要告诉大家“对不公平的痛恨猴子也会”。这个选项在程度上超过了我们的需要。[D]“除了猴子没有动物能够培养出这样的感情。”这个说法如果断章取义也有可能会被错选，但是只有结合上文的逻辑顺序就能够去除这个干扰项。

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research mostprobably because they are

母卷尾猴最有可能被选为研究对象的原因是它们

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. 更加倾向于权衡它们之所得。

[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. 关注研究人员的指导。

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament. 有好的外表和脾气。

[D] more generous than their male companions. 比公猴更加慷慨。

【答案】 A

【考点】 事实细节题。

【分析】 第三段第一句“Suchcharacteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. dewaal’s study。”正好回答了这个问题。考生应该立即意识到“such characteristics”指的是第二段中“They look cute(可爱). They are good-natured(脾气好)，co-operative(合作)creatures, and they share their food readily(共享食物). Aboveall(最重要的是)， like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closerattention to the value of ‘goods and services’than males。”如果考生对最后一句话仔细研究一下，就会发现这句话中的“密切关注它们获得的东西”其实就是“权衡它们获得的东西”的意思。而且这是首要的，有“above all”为证明。这里有一个阅读技巧，即注意“such”一词。当“such”出现在某段某句中作定语时，表示的意思是“如此的，这样的”。请考生务必到前文去寻找该词的实际指代内容。切记![B]这个意思也不错，因为文中有“cooperative”，可惜这不是最重要的。[C]文中也提到了，但是仍然不是最重要的。[D]选项是出题人自己编的。

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in theirstudy that the monkeys

Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal最终在他们的研究中发现猴子

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. 喜欢葡萄胜过黄瓜。

[B] can be taught to exchange things. 可以被训练来交换东西。

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. 如果感觉被欺骗，就不会合作。

[D] are unhappy when separated from others. 与其他猴子分离时不开心。

【答案】 C

【考点】 事实细节题。

【分析】 最后一段第二句“Suchco-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not beingcheated。”[A]、[B]两项是事实，但不是结论。[D]选项是明显是错误的。

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 从最后一段我们可以得出什么结论?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions。

通过训练，猴子可以培养出社会情感。

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source。

人类的义愤起源不确定。

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do。

动物通常象人那样公开表达自己的情感。

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild。

只有在野外时猴子间的合作才保持稳定。

【答案】 B

【考点】 推断题。

【分析】 [A]选项中把“guide”的概念偷换成“train”，意思就不一样了。前者表示“引导”，后者表示“训练”。所以不选。[C]这个说法超出了正确度很多，因为文中“Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve ofpeople alone。”只表示“义愤非人类专有。”[D]选项也对原文意思产生了曲解。不是只有在野生状态下猴子的合作才稳定。而是只有在猴子没有被骗的时候它们才有可能稳定。[B]选项在原文中可以找到类似的说法。“whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchinsand humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。”与[B]意思一样。

难句解析：

1. Such behavior is regarded as“all too human”， with theunderlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finelydeveloped sense of grievance。

【结构分析】在这句话里面，“such behavior”是句子主语，“with”引导一个状语，“the underlying assumption”做“with”的宾语，所谓介宾就是这个道理。“that”引导一个同位语从句。“all too human”比较难以理解，“all too”的意思就是“实在太……，很……”;而“human”是理解的难点，根据上下文可以看出，作者的意思就是“这种行为实在是具有太多人类的特征了”，言下之意就是“动物太低级了”，还没有能够进化出这么精致的机制。后面出现的“all too monkey”同样就是说“这也实在是太具有猴子的特征了”。

2. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoiningchambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return forits rock, their behavior became markedly different。

【结构分析】本句的主干是“their behavior became markedly different”，前面是“when”引导的一个时间状语从句;而这个时间状语从句中又包含着一个“so that”引导的目的状语从句，而目的状语从句中又包含着一个“what”引导的宾语从句。这样的句子体现了英文的句子特征，即句子是按照一定的逻辑，顺着作者的思路一直写下去。

全文翻译：

所有人都喜欢工资猛涨。但是如果你得知你的同事工资涨得比你的还多，你的高兴就会烟消云散了。事实上，这个同事如果还有偷懒的名声，那么你甚至有可能会勃然大怒。这种行为被认为是“太人化”，其言下之意就是动物是不可能产生这种微妙的怨恨的。但是美国佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的莎拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰斯·德瓦尔最近在《自然》上发表了一项研究，这项研究认为猴子也有类似的“太猴子化”的行为。

研究人员研究的是棕色母卷尾猴的行为。它们看起来很可爱，很友好而且愿意合作，慢悠悠地分享食品。最重要的是，与公猴相比较，它们像人类女性一样，更倾向于关注“商品和服务”的价值。

这样的特性使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德瓦尔理想的研究对象。研究人员花了两年的时间教他们的猴子把代币换成食品。通常，猴子会高兴地把岩石碎片换成黄瓜薄片。但是，当两只猴子被放在单独但是相邻的房间里，互相能够看见对方用石块换取什么的时候，它们的行为就大不一样了。

在卷尾猴看来，葡萄是奢侈品，比黄瓜更受欢迎。因此，当一只猴子用石块换了一颗葡萄，另外一只就不愿意用它的石块去换一片黄瓜。而且，如果有一只猴子不交石块就得到了葡萄，那么，另一只猴子就会将石块抛向研究人员或抛出笼子，或者拒绝接受黄瓜。的确，只要另一只笼子里面有一颗葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它)，就足以引起一只母卷尾猴的怨恨。

研究表明，卷尾猴象人类一样，受着社会情感的支配。在野外，它们是一个相互合作的群居物种。这种合作只有在每一只猴子都感觉它没有被欺骗的情况下才可能保持稳定。感到合理的愤怒似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪清楚地传达给这个群体的其他成员。然而，到底这样的公平意识是人类和卷尾猴各自形成的，还是因为二者在3,500万年前有一个共同的祖先造成的，目前还没有答案。