16.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.，

【词汇突破】reveal 揭露

constitutes 包含

primacy 重要性，首要地位

【主干识别】A comparison reveals not…but also …主谓宾结构

【其他成分】of British geological publications定语修饰comparison, over the last century and a half定语修饰publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research宾语，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper并列宾语

【微观解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research其中on the primacy of research修饰emphasis;

research修饰definition ; what 引导一个宾语从句作of 的宾语，what为宾语从句中的主语。

【难点揭秘】出现并列的宾语并且在宾语中的定语又出现一个宾语从句，这样就增加了句子的复杂性，并且在句中出现了好几个动态名词。

【译文赏析】将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。

【翻译点拨】在这个句中有两个动态名词一个是comparison，还有一个为emphasis，其中还有一个动态形容词changing;在翻译的处理上都翻译为动词，并增加概说的主语“我们”。

17. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.

【词汇突破】illustrate 例证;

in terms of 根据，以…为依据;

【主干识别】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表结构两个并列的动词

【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science , in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom为状语。

【微观解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰状语中的名词science做定语。

【难点揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副词做状语放的位置都不是在开头和结尾，而是放在了中间部分，这样给我们阅读带来一定的困扰，但是难点既亮点，我们在写作的过程中就可以灵活的运用：based especially on这样的表达了。

【译文赏析】很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显，并且可以用英国的地质学发展作为例证来说明。

【翻译点拨】把副词放到开头来翻译，正是体现了前面所讲到的副词很多时候就是在修饰整个句子

18. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

【词汇突破】auditors 审计人员

distract 分散注意力

【主干识别】It is entirely reasonable to believe that +宾语从句. 形式主语从句

【其他成分】for auditors 状语;scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.宾语从句。

【微观解析】scientists should not be distracted 宾语从句主干;who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there 定语从句修饰scientist;where they are going and how they will get there定语从句中know的宾语从句;by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.状语;of keeping one eye on the cash register修饰the necessity 作定语。while the other eye is on the microscope状语修饰keeping。

【难点揭秘】主语从句中出现定语从句，定语从句中出现并列的宾语这样隔离的障碍就更为显著了。

【译文赏析】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。

【翻译点拨】by短语在句子中是充当状语，翻译为原因，where they are going and how they will get there处理为知道做什么，知道怎么做，这样的表达符合中文的习惯。如果直接翻译为：知道他们要去哪里和怎么去，就是对于字面含义的翻译。属于死译。

19. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的;

spectacles 景象

ample 充足的

radical 激进的，根本的

journalist 记者，新闻工作者

advocate 支持

participatory democracy 参与制民主

enrolled in 注册入学，入伍

【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态

【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles;“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。

【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply;now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism(美国物质主义的批评者) with a Southampton summer home;(其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄);代表人物二 the publisher of radical books(激进书刊的出版者)who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐(因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的);代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life(支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者)whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学(私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的)。

【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难;

【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。

【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象;这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。

20.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

【词汇突破】explanatory 解释性的

upsetting 不安

consists of 包含

【主干识别】 it is a little upsetting to read that+宾语从句and then to find that+宾语从句;形式主语句，句子主语为 to read and to find.在主语中带有两个动词不定式中的宾语从句;

【其他成分】 in the explanatory notes 状语;a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge宾语从句主干;off which they both fall into the river起连接句子作用的定语从句;the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers宾语从句主干;"Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是Line的同位语。

【微观解析】off which they both fall into the river还原为一个句子就是：they both fall into the river off the bridge.

【难点揭秘】主语是两个并列的成分识别并列主语是一大难点;

【译文赏析】但当我们先是从解释性注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上格斗并双双掉进河里，而后又发现该行诗中只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的声音以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。

【翻译点拨】先把两个比较长的主语单独译成两个句子，再翻译剩下的部分，打破英语中的句子限定，单独成句是很重要的翻译技巧，简单讲就是哪个部分太长就尽量的单独翻译。