Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________.

[A]sociology and chemistry

[B]physics and psychology

[C]sociology and psychology

[D]physics and chemistry

22. We can infer from the passage that _________.

[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________.

[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation

[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

[C]the change of policies in scientific publications

[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

24. The direct reason for specialization is _________.

[A]the development in communication

[B]the growth of professionalisation

[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

[D]the splitting up of academic societies

名师解析

21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.

19 世纪专业化的发展在 _______ 等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。

[A]sociology and chemistry 社会学和化学

[B]physics and psychology 物理学和心理学

[C]sociology and psychology 社会学和心理学

[D]physics and chemistry 物理学和化学

【答案】 D

【考点】 事实细节题。

【分析】 根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点”。在这四个选择项中， [A] 、 [B] 、 [C] 都提到了“文科学科”，只有 [D] 选项中的“物理学和化学”均是“以数学和实验作为基础的科学”，因此可以推断 [D] 选项符合原文，是正确答案。

22. We can infer from the passage that _____. 从本文可以推断出 ______ 。

[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization

在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别

[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争

[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的

[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会

【答案】 B

【考点】 推断题。

【分析】 选项 [A] 中提到“专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别”，而实际上，它们指的是“不同的领域和方向”，“ specialization ”针对“研究对象”，“ professionalization ”针对“研究者”，因此可以排除。选项 [C] 说“专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体”这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。 [D] 选项明显错误，因为文中提到“既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会”。第三段指出“局部的研究 (local studies) 只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受”。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择 [B] 。

23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.

作者提到地质学发展是为了说明 ______ 。

[A] the process of specialization and professionalization

专业化和职业化的过程

[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛

[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

科技出版政策的变化

[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

职业人士对业余人士的歧视

【答案】 A

【考点】 作者目的题。

【分析】 根据题干“地质学发展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地质学的发展；以及第四段第一句“虽然职业化和专业化过程早在 19 世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到 20 世纪我们才看到其全面影响”，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是 [A] 。 [B] 选项认为是“业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛”。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响 . 但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明“专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响”。

24. The direct reason for specialization is _______. 造成专业化的直接原因是 _______ 。

[A] the development in communication 交流的发展

[B] the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展

[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展

[D] the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化

【答案】 C

【考点】 事实细节题。

【分析】 本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开篇就指出，“专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应”。这句话的含义实际上就是“科学知识的积累促进了专业化”。因此可以判定 [C] 是正确选项。 [A] 选项是不对的，因为根据其中的“交流”一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到“专业化影响了交流过程”，而不是反之。 [B] 不对，“专业化是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的”，不是其成因。 [D] 为专业化的结果。

难句解析 ：

1. Nevertheless, the word “ amateur ” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.

【结构分析】 本句的主句是“ the word ‘ amateur ’ does carry a connotation ”，后面有一个“ that ”引导的同位语从句，解释“ connotation ”，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。

2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

【结构分析】 本句的主干是“ The trend was naturally most obvious… and can be illustrated… ”。主语是“ the trend ”，两个谓语部分为“ was obvious ”和“ can be illustrated ”。前一个部分中“ based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training ”是过去分词做后置定语修饰“ areas of science ”。

3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.

【结构分析】 本句的主干结构是“ The overall result has been to do sth. ”。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是“ a result ”，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个“ that ”引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语“ first by..., and then by... ”。

4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

【结构分析】 这是一个并列句，由“ whereas ” ( 而 ) 连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是“ A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists ”，而后面说“ the amateurs have tended either to remain…or to come… ”。

全文翻译：

专业化可被看作针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分为各个小的单元，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为进一步研究的基础。但是专业化仅仅是一系列相关科学进步中影响交流过程的的一个。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

在科学领域内，职业人士与业余人士之间没有明确的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有一种含义，即相关的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，尤其是他可能并不完全认同他们的价值观。 19 世纪的专业化的发展，导致了对更长更复杂的 训练的要求，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证 实。

对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物所进行的比较表明不但人们对研究首要性的重视程度在不断增加，而且对什么是可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在 19 世纪，局部的地质研究本身就代表了一种有价值的研究；而到了 20 世纪，如果局部的研究能够被职业人员接受，那么它就必须结合和思考一个更加广阔的地质面貌。另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事局部的研究。结果，业余人员在职业化地质学杂志发表文章更加困难。审稿制度首先在 19 世纪的全国性杂志中实行，后来在 20 世纪一些地方性地质杂志中也开始实行，这使这个结果得到进一步加强。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致职业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

虽然职业化和专业化过程在 19 世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果一直拖到 20 世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从整个科学来看， 19 世纪必须被视为科学结构发生该变化的关键阶段。