2004年6月大学英语四级考试阅读真题及答案解析A
You may be all these things at the office, and more. But when it comes to getting ahead, experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics.
Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago: Hard work alone doesn’t ensure career advancement. You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes. Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics—a better job, a raise, praise—many people are still unable—or unwilling—to “play the game.”
"People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior,” says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. “But politics derives from the word ‘polite’. It can mean lobbying and forming associations. It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying to please your superior, and then expecting something in return.”
In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one’s own self-interest in the workplace. In many cases, this involves some form Of Socializing within the office environment—not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well.
"The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis,’” says Neil P Lewis, a management psychologist. “But if two or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best. It’s simple human nature.”
Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office. Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery (奉承), fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors.
Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion.
11. “Office politics” (Line 2, Para. 4) is used in the passage to refer to ________.
A) the code of behavior for company staff
B) the political views and beliefs of office workers
C) the interpersonal relationships within a company
D) the various qualities required for a successful career
12. To get promoted, one must not only be competent but ________.
A) give his boss a good impression
B) honest and loyal to his company
C) get along well with his colleagues
D) avoid being too outstanding
13. Why are many people unwilling to “play the game” (Line 4, Para. 5)?
A) They believe that doing so is impractical.
B) They feel that such behavior is unprincipled.
C) They are not good at manipulating colleagues.
D) They think the effort will get them nowhere.
14. The author considers office politics to be ________.
A) unwelcome at the workplace
B) bad for interpersonal relationships
C) indispensable to the development of company culture
D) an important factor for personal advancement
15. It is the author’s view that ________.
A) speaking up for oneself is part of human nature
B) self-promotion does not necessarily mean flattery
C) hard work contributes very little to one’s promotion
D) many employees fail to recognize the need of flattery
这篇材料的主要内容是办公室政治(office politics),从介绍办公室政治的含义、好处开始,讲到现实生活中人们不愿进行办公室政治的现象及其原因,最后给出了改变这种情况的建议。
前面的几段主要是介绍办公室政治的含义及其所能带来的好处。前三个句子以A、B、C打头列出了办公室生存的基本原则,而后把办公室政治作为它们的补充自然地提了出来(为了与ABC相搭配,简称为P)。作者引用Carnegie的话对办公室政治做了初步的定义,也就是be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes,无论公开非公开场合,都要能够推销你自己和你自己的想法。后面紧接着的一句话一箭双雕,既说出了办公室政治的好处(a better job, a raise, praise),也指出人们不愿搞办公室政治的事实,为下文分析原因、提出建议铺好了道路。
后面的几段主要是来分析办公室政治在一些人那里不受欢迎的原因。首先人们把它看做是工于心计的行为(manipulative behavior),而后作者对这一原因做了评析,指出办公室政治实际上并不如此(反而源于polite,礼貌)。下一段介绍专家的观点,进一步解释办公室政治的含义和应用的正当性,而后引用Neil P Lewis的话对此做了强调(It’s simple human nature,办公室政治是人类的天性而已)。
最后一段简单地给出了建议:承认自我的推销的需要(recognizing the need for some self-promotion)。
11. C
题目问办公室政治一词在文中用来指……
A,公司职员的行为准则。
B,办公室员工的政治观点和信仰。
C,公司内部的人际关系。
D,成功职业生涯所需要的各种素质。
文中对办公室政治有明确的定义:You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes。把四个选项和这个定义进行对比就可得出答案。
先看A。Code是指法规、准则。A把办公室政治理解为员工的行为准则,文章没有提到类似内容。
B把办公室政治解释为员工的政治观点和信仰,是对Office politics望文生义,没有得到文章内容的支持。
C的说法有一定道理。从定义来看,把自己和自己的想法推销出去的意思应该是让大家都喜欢自己,都接受自己的观点,这应该属于人际关系的范畴。
D的说法有一定迷惑性,因为文章前几段论述的基本都是职业生涯成功所具备的一些素质。不过,应该看到办公室政治仅是诸多素质中的一种,它和A、B、C合起来才能算是“各种素质”。
本题选C。
12. A
题目问为了升职,一个人不仅需要一定的工作能力,而且……
A,还要给老板留下一个好印象。
B,对公司诚实、忠诚。
C,和同事搞好关系。
D,避免太出风头。
题目里的关键词是promoted,也就是升职。在文章中快速定位这个词。文章提到升职是这一句:But if two or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best,大意是如果两到三个候选人一起竞争同一个升职机会,在能力相当的情况下,经理会提升他们最喜欢的那一个。这里提到了“能力相当”,照应题目里的not only competent。在能力相当的情况下,升职的关键在于受到经理喜欢,这应该就是A所说的还要给老板留下一个好印象。所以本题可以直接选择A,其他几个选项看似都有道理,但在文章明确指出“老板好感”这一项时,应该毫不犹豫地选择A。
13. B
题目问为什么许多人不愿“玩这一游戏”?
A,他们认为如此做法毫无用处。
B,他们认为这样的行为不道德、不诚信。
C,他们不善于利用同事。
D,他们认为这种努力不会带来任何结果。
The game指的是前面提到的sell yourself and your ideas,也就是办公室政治。文章的第六段解释了人们为何不愿玩弄办公室手段,实际上只有一句话:People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior。此后的内容变成了对办公室政治的积极肯定,所以可以判断本题考查内容仅仅是这一句话,具体来说,仅仅是manipulative这一个单词,偏偏这个单词的含义已经给出,这大大方便了我们做出正确的判断。“工于心计”是一个贬义词,人们因为行为属于“工于心计”而不去为之,应该是出于道德上的原因。本题可以很容易选出正确答案B。
14. D
题目问作者认为办公室政治……
A,在工作场所不受欢迎。
B,对人际关系是有害的。
C,对公司文化的发展来说是不可或缺的。
D,是个人发展的重要因素。
从 题目来看,似乎是一个非常宽泛的问题;因为全篇讲的都是办公室政治,所以让人不知从何下手。不过遵循了四级阅读出题规律,可以判断本题考查内容很可能为上 一题考查内容后面的部分。上一题考查了第五段的第一句话,那么本题的答案需要从这一句话之后的内容中寻找。最后一段应该留给最后一题,不需要查看。
与A相关的句子是many people are still unable—or unwilling—to “play the game.”,many只代表了一部分人,并不能以此判断办公室政治已经普遍不受欢迎。而且这句话已经是考查过的内容,再次成为正确答案的可能性不大。
第五段主要内容是办公室的性质为being kind and helpful,对人友好,乐于助人,这应该和B的说法正好相反。第六段提到办公室政治involves some form Of Socializing within the office environment,大意是在办公室环境内与人搞好关系,也和B的说法相反。由此判断B不对。
至于C,文章没有直接提到公司文化,虽然可以认为人际关系算是公司文化,但它毕竟只能说公司文化的一小部分,不能说办公室政治对公司文化就是不可或缺的。
倒数第三段举出了一个和上级搞好关系就可能获得升职机会的例子,这说明办公室政治的确是个人发展的重要因素。D的说法是正确的。
15. B
本题问作者的观点是……
A,为自己说话是人类的天性。
B,自我推广不见得就是讨好奉承。
C,努力工作对升职的作用微乎其微。
D,许多雇员没有认识到奉承讨好的需要。
本题考查对最后两段的理解。这两段的核心是这一句: Still others associate politics with flattery, fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors.,主谓宾结构是others associate politics with flattery(其他人把办公室政治与奉承联系起来),而fearful引领了一个伴随状语,完整形式是they are fearful that……that引导的宾语从句意思是如果他们为自己说话,就可能给人奉承老板的印象。这是一部分人的观点,作者认为这一观点是不可取的,所以在最后一段提出了解决办法:recognizing the need for some self-promotion(承认自我推广的需要)。这一句承认了为自己说话的正面作用的同时,也驳斥了为自己说话就是“奉承”这一观点。这样就可以排除D。
关于A,human nature在the first thing……一段中有所提及,但这里的人类本性指的是老板倾向于提升自己喜欢的人这一本性,所以A不对。
C的说法明显和文章的主旨相违,可以很容易排除。
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