听力材料

　　Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.
　　很遗憾，关于查科峡谷巨屋用途的三个理论，都不具有说服力。

　　First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment buildings. But the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I’ll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the houses couldn’t have been residential.
　　首先，当然从外部卡莱，这些巨屋同之后出现的美洲土著居住建筑很相似。但是巨屋的内部构造却反驳着居住说观点。我来解释一下。如果真有数百人居住与此，那么一定有很多灶火坑以便每家都可以用来做饭。但事实上巨屋里只有很少很少的灶火坑。在其中最大的一个巨屋里，存在的灶火坑只够十家人使用。然而，存在的空间却可以供一百家人居住。所以，巨屋的主要功能不可能是居住。

　　Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize is unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn’t there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren’t there more remains of big containers?
　　第二，证据也不支持巨屋用来储存玉米的说法。巨大的空屋子用来储存物品，这样的说法听起来挺合理的。但是对巨屋挖掘后却没有发现太多的玉米以及容器的痕迹。如果巨屋真的是用来储存的，为什么没有在地上发现更多的散落的玉米呢？为什么没有更多大号容器的痕迹呢？

　　Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn’t well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn’t expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies.
　　第三，祭祀中心的说法同样也站不住脚。大家知道阿尔托村庄吗？在那里，除了破碎罐子之外还有很多发现，这这些东西是不会出现在祭祀中的。比如，有很多建筑材料、沙子、石头还有建筑工具。这说明这个山包知识一个建筑材料垃圾堆，都是一些用后抛弃或者在建筑过程中没有用完的材料。这些罐子也是属于垃圾，是建筑工人吃饭的容器。所以，阿尔托村庄的这个山包不能作为证据支持祭祀说。

　　听力笔记内容：
　　Main point: none, convincing.
　　Sub point one: fireplaces, ten families, a hundred families.
　　Sub point two: not, maize, containers.
　　Sub point three: would not for ceremonies, trash, meals.

　　注意：
　　1 ．在开始听前要画好表格，这样写出来的不会乱，要不笔记就是一坨坨。
　　2． 阅读时候要做好笔记，记住，一定要用词而不是句子记笔记。用句子是非常不好的习惯，很耽误时间，如果不会误解的话，半个单词也好。同时也不要因为写作文的时候可以看到原文，因为原文很多时候是帮助听力的。比如之前伦勃朗的以事实论证的，以及这篇用推理论证呢的，都能很大程度上帮助听力部分的理解。
　　3 ．注意要记下概念性或人名类生词，这些词不知道具体意思没有关系，但是听力部分如果听到了，不知道是指哪里就不好了。所以这个要记全词。
　　4 ．一定要记笔记，不要以为自己听懂的就不用记。综合写作没有题目提醒你，细节又显得十分重要，而且就算记忆再好，写上十分钟也就忘得差不多了，而十分钟你第二点还没写完呢。