Section ⅠUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money. He may 1 the repayment of the money at any time, either 2 cash or by drawing a check in favor of another person. 3, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor who is 4 depending on whether the customer’s account is 5 credit or is overdrawn. But, in 6 to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer 7 a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give 8 to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is 9 against him.

The bank must 10 its customer’s instructions, and not those of anyone else. 11, for example, a customer opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in 12 of checks drawn by himself. He gives the bank 13 of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or 14 to pay out a customer’s money 15 a check on which its customer’s signature has been 16. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very 17 one: the bank must recognize its customer’s signature. For this reason there is no 18 to the customer in the practice, 19 by banks, of printing the customer’s name on his checks. If this 20 forgery, it is the bank that will lose, not the customer. (254 words)

1. [A] acquire[B] deposit [C] demand[D] derive

2. [A] for [B] through [C] as[D] in

3. [A] However[B] Primarily[C] Moreover [D] Presumably

4. [A] which[B] what[C] how[D] that

5. [A] on [B] with [C] in [D] for

6. [A] support[B] contrast[C] regard[D] addition

7. [A] owe[B] commit[C] attribute[D] embark

8. [A] purpose[B] rise[C] priority[D] thought

9. [A] loaded[B] offended[C] discriminated[D] directed

10. [A] conform[B] comply[C] obey[D] abide

11. [A] Unless[B] Although[C] Since[D] When

12. [A] respect[B] charge[C] line[D] place

13. [A] specifics[B] signs[C] symbols[D] specimens

14. [A] reputation[B] prestige[C] authority[D] impact

15. [A] by[B] on[C] with[D] for

16. [A] printed[B] confirmed [C] forged[D] justified

17. [A] delicate[B] skillful[C] unusual[D] unique

18. [A] risk[B] guarantee[C] fault[D] benefit

19. [A] engaged [B] intended[C] adapted[D] adopted

20. [A] contributes[B] facilitates[C] results[D] leads

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of “ecocide” in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following: A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar,the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in Western Europe, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties.

In 1972 the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers’ Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40—70 percent had X’ray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. “We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker,” states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York.

It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the “Watergate cover-up.” “There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities,” summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the “safe limit” imposed by Dow Chemical Company. (422 words)

Notes: plutonium 钚。asbestos 石棉。polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯。

21. By “ecocide” the author most probably means

[A] waste utilization.

[B] ecological balance.

[C] radioactive reaction.

[D] massive bio-destruction.

22. According to the text, the author mentions plutonium in paragraph 1 to

[A] estimate the amount of nuclear material in Europe.

[B] exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancer.

[C] highlight the measures needed to prevent lung cancer.

[D] show the destructive properties of industrial waste materials.

23. The style of the second paragraph is mainly

[A] factual.

[B] sarcastic.

[C] emotional.

[D] argumentative.

24. According to paragraph 3, some workers have been killed by harmful pollutants in that

[A] production could not be halted.

[B] they failed to take safety measures.

[C] research was not pursued to a solution.

[D] safety equipment was not adequately provided.

25. It can be inferred from the text that the author believes that

[A] nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally prevent cancer.

[B] tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals.

[C] more research is required into the causes of cancer before further progress can be made.

[D] industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancercausing agents.

Text2

The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction.

The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process.

With the estimated population of only about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei” was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally.

The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivered from the black bear host.

Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered species exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species’ habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species survive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue. (402 words)

Notes: ethically 道德上。gene pool基因库。insemination n. 受精。fertilize 使受精。embryo 胚胎。proponent 支持者，拥护者。weigh A against B 权衡A和B的利弊。

26. The author raises the issue of ethical consideration in cloning in paragraph 1 in order to

[A] identify the issues that will not be addressed in the text.

[B] reveal an area of interest that will be explored later in the text.

[C] identify one of the main issues affecting the cloning controversy today.

[D] draw the reader’s attention to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning.

27. The author directs attention to “Hua Mei”, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order to

[A] show that cloning as an artificial birth technique has succeeded.

[B] argue that pandas are a particularly likely candidate for cloning.

[C] show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.

[D] demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain species.

28. Paragraph 4 is written in order to

[A] detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past.

[B] guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda

population.

[C] demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda species is a feasible goal.

[D] inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population.

29. The main purpose of the last paragraph is to

[A] argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloning.

[B] display both sides’ arguments on another contentious issue in cloning.

[C] redirect the readers’ attention to the previously raised issue of ethics in cloning.

[D] provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique.

30. It can be inferred from the information given in the text that the best candidate for cloning would be

[A] Giant Pandas.

[B] an endangered species with many living related species.

[C] the species in which previous techniques of artificial reproduction have been

successfully applied.

[D] those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to reproduce the species.

Text3

Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is an expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language.

So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.

Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.

It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students’ pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time-wasted.

But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique.

Now the first and most important part of a language teacher’s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student’s latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings, radio, television and video, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material. (537 words)

Notes: set about着手，试图。articulation发音。latent潜在的，不明显的。at one’s disposal供某人任意支配使用。

31. What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?

[A] Only a few people are really proficient.

[B] No one is really an expert in the skill.

[C] There aren’t many people who are even fairly good.

[D] There are even some people who are moderately proficient.

32. The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way is

[A] an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctly.

[B] a fundamental consequence of not speaking well.

[C] a consequence of not grasping the problem correctly.

[D] not an obvious cause of speaking poorly.

33. What is it that teachers are said to be inclined to forget?

[A] The practical teaching of languages.

[B] The importance of a good accent.

[C] The principle of phonetic theory.

[D] The teaching of pronunciation in the classroom.

34. The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon

[A] how closely he attends to the matter.

[B] whether it is English that is being taught.

[C] his teacher’s approach to pronunciation.

[D] the importance normally given to grammar and spelling.

35. According to the text, in relation to someone teaching his own language to foreigners, audio-visual aids can

[A] completely replace his own teaching performance.

[B] provide alternative samples of native speech.

[C] help to improve teaching quality to a great extent.

[D] provide a perfect model for language students to follow.

Text4

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical activities, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse of capriciousness.

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and personal experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally suspicious of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to find out a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is invariably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often initiate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. (454 words)

Notes: capriciousness 多变，反复无常。run counter to 与…背道而驰;违反。bypass 绕过。in close concert 一齐，一致。given prep. 考虑到，由于。

36. The logical organization of the first paragraph of the text is that

[A] a conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.

[B] the results of recent research are introduced and summarized.

[C] two opposite points of view are presented and evaluated.

[D] a widely accepted definition is presented and qualified.

37. In relation to the “writers on management” mentioned in Para. 2, the text suggests that they

[A] have not based their analyzes on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

[B] have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than what managers do.

[C] have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

[D] have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.

38. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT

[A] to speed up the creation of a solution to a problem.

[B] to identify a problem or bring together different facts.

[C] to initiate clear goals and in the end attain them.

[D] to evaluate possible solutions to a problem.

39. When mentioning “thinking/acting cycles”(in Para. 4), the author is most likely to believe that

[A] a manager analyzes a series of problems and then acts on that analysis.

[B] a manager gathers data by acting and then observes the effects of action.

[C] action and analysis in managerial practice invariably occur simultaneously.

[D] a manager takes action, being able to clarify reasons for that action.

40. According to the text, which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?

[A] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.

[B] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.

[C] Manager Y draws on years of personal experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.

[D] Manager X depends on day-by-day tactical activities; Manager Y does not.

Part B

Directions:

You are going to read a text about stress, followed by a list of arguments. Choose the best argument from the list A—G for each numbered subheading (41—45). There are two extra arguments which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

41. Two types of stress:

There are basically two types of stress placed on human beings—physical and mental.

42. Effects of stress—physical or emotional:

Whether physical or emotional in origin, stress causes the body to react in the same way.

43. Guilty—useful, though most harmful:

Probably the most harmful of all the stresses is guilt.

44. Instances—no need to feel guilty:

However, many of us as children learned rules that we no longer need.

No one is perfect:

Guilt and the worry that often accompanies this major stress are difficult to eradicate, but people subject to excessive guilt feelings should realize, as simple as it sounds, that no one is perfect. People cannot always be cheerful and helpful to every one they meet. Another good lesson is that mistakes should be forgotten, not lingered over and brought out to examine periodically.

45. Life with a little stress—significant:

A life without stress, such as retirement with nothing to do, would be boring.

Notes: respiration 呼吸。pupil瞳孔。dilate 膨胀。perspiration 出汗，勤奋。date 约会。sour 使别扭。eradicate vt. 消除，根除。at best 充其量。linger over 细细品味。meditation深思，沉思。might as well 不妨。

[A] Fat adults should no longer feel guilty about leaving a little food on the plate, a successful businessman need not feel guilty about spending a little too much money on a vacation, nor should he feel guilty that he can combine a business trip to the West Coast with some swimming and golf at an ocean resort. But many people do feel guilty over such apparently innocent actions. Excessive guilt can sour all of life and make life not worth living; it can also cause self-hatred as well as other fears and anxieties that cause all life’s successes to be bittersweet, at best.

[B] Stress from physical activity, if not carried too far, is actually beneficial. Exercise relaxes you and may help forget about mental and emotional stress. But mental stress is almost always bad for you. If mental stress is unrelieved, it can actually cause diseases such as ulcers, migraine headaches, heart problems, or mental illness.

[C] Just as we need a little guilt—to keep us correct—and a little worry—to make us plan ahead—we need a little stress to stay interested in life. But when stress begins to bother you, you might as well change your routine. Take your mind off your worries with some physical activity; you may discover a solution you have overlooked before.

[D] Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.

[E] Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities, others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties.

[F] In the first stage, your body prepares to meet the stress. The heartbeat and respiration rates increase, and the pupils of the eyes dilate; the blood sugar level increases, and the rate of perspiration speeds up, while digestion slows down as blood and muscular activity is diverted elsewhere. In the second stage, your body returns to normal and repairs any damage caused by the stressful situation. However, if stress continues, the body cannot repair itself, and the final stage, exhaustion, then begins. If this stage continues, if for example you are frustrated by your work and continue to be frustrated for a long time, physical or emotional damage will occur. These stages of stress reaction are always the same, whether the stress is caused by a cross-country run, a first date, buying a house, or narrowly missing an automobile accident.

[G] This common emotion is useful to have when it helps us to realize that we have, in fact, committed some error, violated our own rules or social rules. If we did not feel guilty, we would never do anything except the things that brought us immediate pleasure—we’d never obey the law, work, exercise, or even study in school, unless we wanted to do so in the first place. As a person’s conscience develops, guilt feelings become inevitable; guilt is the sorrow we experience when we know we have done something incorrect.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life—food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 46) Then we either raise our standard of living above the necessary for comfort and happiness or leave it at this level and work shorter hours. Mankind has probably chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. And the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely of the routine operations of the home such as washing the clothes or washing up.

47) By far the most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to meet the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations, when so switched by the housewife. 48) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or builtin adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clotheswashing machine.

There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution. When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 percent of them have the immediate reaction, “How soon can I buy one?” The other 10 percent have the reaction, “I would be terrified to have it moving about my house.” 49) But when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. 50) Now it is generally recognized that there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. Most families are now delighted, no doubt, to have a robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night. (376 words)

Notes: glimmering迹象。

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You have just received a short message from your father informing that your mother is very ill and you want to ask for one weeks leave. Write a note(便笺) to your Office Head Mr. Wang about it.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address.

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following set of pictures. In your essay, you should

1) describe the pictures briefly,

2) interpret their intended meaning, and

3) point out their implications in our life.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

Section ⅠUse of English

参考答案及解析

参考译文

任何人在银行开一个活期账户时，他就是把钱借给银行。他可以随时提取这笔钱，提取的方式可以是现金，也可以是为他人开一张支票。银行与储户之间的关系主要是债务人与债权人之间的关系;谁是债务人谁是债权人取决于储户的账上是透支还是结余。但是，除了那种基本的简单的概念以外，银行与储户相互之间还承担许多义务。这些义务中的许多义务会引起很多问题和纠纷，但是银行储户譬如说不像货物的买主，他不能投诉说法律对他不利。

银行必须遵守它的客户的指令，而不是任何别人的指令。例如，当储户开一个账户时，他指示银行只有凭他开的支票才能支取他的存款。他给银行留下他签名的样本，并且有一条非常严格的规则，即银行没有任何权力把储户的钱付给一张冒名顶替的支票。即使伪造得非常巧妙，那也无济于事，因为银行必须辨认出它的储户的签名。为此银行采用把储户的姓名印在支票上的做法，这样，对客户就不存在任何风险了。如果这样做仍然使伪造得逞，那承担损失的将是银行，而不应是储户。

1. [答案] [C] demand

[注释] 词义搭配。demand the repayment of the money提取钱。 acquire vt. 获得; deposit vt. 将(钱)存入银行;derive vt. 得到，获取。例如：derive great pleasure from ones studies(从学习中得到很大乐趣)。

2. [答案] [D] in

[注释] 惯用搭配。in cash以现金方式。

3. [答案] [B] Primarily

[注释] 逻辑搭配。primarily主要地;however然而;moreover此外;presumably推测起来，大概。

4. [答案] [A] which

[注释] 逻辑搭配。 who is which depending on... 谁是债务人，谁是债权人取决于…。

5. [答案] [C] in

[注释] 惯用搭配。be in credit 有结余;buy on credit赊购。

6. [答案] [D] addition

[注释] 逻辑惯用搭配。in addition to除…以外。in support of支持;in contrast to与…相对照;in regard to关于，在…上。例如：I have nothing to say in/with regard to your complaints.(对于你的投诉,我无可奉告)。

7. [答案] [A] owe

[注释] 词义搭配。owe obligations to sb. 向某人承担义务; commit oneself to doing sth.使自己承担做某事的任务;attribute ... to把…归因于; embark on着手，开始从事,例如：embark on a new career(从事一项新的职业); embark on a long journey(开始漫长的旅行)。

8. [答案] [B] rise

[注释] 惯用搭配。give rise to引起，产生,例如：His words gave rise to a considerable amount of speculation.(他的话引起了很多猜测)。give purpose to使…有目的,例如：give purpose to ones life(使某人的生活有目的)。give priority to优先考虑,例如：We should give priority to the development of our reading skills. give thought to考虑…,例如：Have you given any thought to which university you would like to go to when you leave school?

9. [答案] [A] loaded

[注释] 词义惯用搭配。be loaded against... 对…不利,例如：The odds were loaded against him. (情况对他不利)。offend against...触犯(法律等),例如：This verdict offends against ones idea of justice.(这个裁决触犯了人们的正义观念)。

discriminate against歧视,例如：The law does not discriminate against any race, creed or color.(法律并不歧视任何种族、信条或肤色)。

direct... against使…针对…,例如：His remark directs its blows mainly to the working people.(他的话主要打击了劳动人民)。

10. [答案] [C] obey

[注释] 词义结构搭配。obey ones instructions服从某人的指令。conform to符合,遵守，例如：All students must conform to the rules.(全体学生都必须遵守这些规则)。 conform with符合，例如：The design conforms with the regulations.

注意：conform to较常用;只偶尔用conform with。comply with照…办;遵守，例如：1) People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished. 2) He knows the regulations, and if he refuses to comply with them he must take the consequences. abide by遵守，服从：1) We agreed to abide by your judgment. 2) She will abide by her promise. 3) abide by承受：You will have to abide by the consequences.

11. [答案] [D] When

[注释] 逻辑结构搭配。when引导时间状语从句。

12. [答案] [A] respect

[注释] 结构搭配。in respect of...用来付…的钱(商业用语),例如： The company gave him $230 in respect of the work he has done.(公司给他230美元用来支付他的工钱)。in charge of... 负责,例如： 1) (作表语) He will be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director is away.2) (作定语) The officer in charge requested Arthur to put on his outdoor clothes. in line with与…一致,符合,例如: 1) (作表语) Some of the recent actions of the government are not in line with the statement of policy in their election manifesto. (政府最近的一些行动不符合他们在大选宣言中的政策声明)。 2) (作状语) In line with history and social evolution socialism is inevitable.(按照历史和社会的发展，社会主义是必然的)。in place of ... 代替…,用…而不用…,例如：The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives and forks. (中国人用筷子，而不用刀叉。)

13. [答案] [D] specimens

[注释] 词义搭配。 specimen样本; specific细节; sign迹象,符号,牌;symbol象征。

14. [答案] [C] authority

[注释] 词义搭配。authority权力;reputation声誉; prestige声望; impact影响。

15. [答案] [B] on

[注释] 结构搭配。on a cheque 凭支票;on表示原因或根据。

16. [答案] [C] forge

[注释] 词义搭配。 forge (= invent)伪造，如：He got the money dishonestly, by forging his brothers signature on a check. forge的原意是“锻造”，例如：The blacksmith forged the horseshoe with great skill.(这位铁匠熟练地锻造了这块马蹄铁)。print vt. 印刷，出版，如：print books。confirm vt. 1)证实，肯定，确认：The experiment confirmed his theory. 2)加强，坚定(信念等): The latest information confirms my belief that he is to blame.(最新的信息坚定了我的信念：他应受责备)。 3)批准，同意：The agency confirmed the contract.(这个机构批准了这个合同)。justify vt. 证明…是正确的，如：1) You will have to justify your work to others.(你得向其他人解释你的工作是对的)。 2) The fact that he annoyed you does not justify your treating him in that way.(他触怒你这一事实并不能证明你那样对待他是正确的)。

17. [答案] [B] skillful

[注释] 词义搭配。skillful有技巧的,巧妙的; delicate精细的,纤细的;unique (同类中)独一无二的。

18. [答案] [A] risk

[注释] 词义搭配。risk风险。risk可作及物动词用，后接名词或动名词，例如：1) The brave man risked his life in trying to save the child. 2) He didnt want to risk getting wet as he had only one suit. risk作名词用时常用的词组如下：1) at the risk of冒…的风险：At the risk of offending you, I must tell you that I disapprove of your behavior. 2) run (or take) a risk冒危险: You are running a big risk in trusting him. 3) at risk处于危险中:The governments income policy is seriously at risk.

19. [答案] [D] adopted

[注释] 词义搭配。adopt vt. 采用,采取：We must adopt strong measures against any environmental destruction.

20.[答案] [B] facilitates

[注释] 词义搭配。 facilitate vt. 使…方便,促使,例如：1) The broken lock facilitated my entrance into the empty room. 2) I decided to employ a secretary in order to facilitate the work. contribute to有助于,促使,例如：1) Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. 2) Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to lung cancer. 3) Cars contribute air pollution in the city. result in导致; lead to导致。

小结

按大纲规定“英语知识应用”，即完形填空，题材应为一篇240～280字的短文。本文是254字，符合大纲要求。试题类型有逻辑搭配、词义搭配、结构搭配和惯用搭配，与2010年考题相一致。完形填空解题技巧是：把握主题、抓住上下文的逻辑联系、分段解题、瞻前顾后、各个击破，最后统观全文、查错补漏。完形填空解题时间通常为15分钟左右。千万不要超时，以免挤占后面各项的解题时间。

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

21. [答案] [D] massive biodestruction.

[注释] 词汇释义题。本题问：“ecocide”的含义是什么?本题测试根据上下文推测词义的能力。后面写到：荷兰卡尔卡那样的核工厂每年生产约200磅钚，只要一磅钚释放到大气层就可能使90亿人患肺癌。可见，戈夫曼博士在反核技术的观点中谈到的是“巨大的生物毁灭”。此外，从构词上看，eco 意为“生态”，cide作为后缀，意为“杀灭”。所以，ecocide意为“生态生物灭绝”。故应选[D]。

22. [答案] [B] exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancer.

[注释] 逻辑结构题。本题问：根据课文，作者在第一段中提到钚是为了什么?解这类题的思路是从宏观看微观、从主题看细节。本文的主题是讲“先进技术与癌症的因果关系”。第1段中作者讲到“只要一磅钚释放到大气层就可能使90亿人患肺癌”。可见，作者提到钚是要举出造成癌症原因的一个例子。故应选[B]。[A]“估计欧洲核材料的数量”，与全文主题和段落逻辑结构相悖。[C]“强调预防癌症所需要的措施”，段落中没有讲到措施。[D]“表明工业废料的毁灭性能”，钚是核物质，并非一般工业废料。故[A],[C],[D]均不能入选。

23. [答案] [A] factual.

[注释] 语气判断题。本题问： 第2段的文体是什么?通读第2段，可以看出，作者举出许多实例来说明石棉是致癌物质之一。作者只是陈述事实，没有与人争论，也没有感情激动和讥讽。故排除argumentative(议论的)，emotional(感情激动的)，sarcastic (讥讽的)。

24. [答案] [C] research was not pursued to a solution.

[注释] 细节理解题。本题问：根据第3段，为什么有些工人死于有害污染物?第3段倒数第2句写道：“至少17名工人死于氯乙烯，原因是25年来研究工作没有一追到底。”10余年来，工人接触到的氯乙烯浓度是道尔化学公司硬性规定的“安全极限”的10倍。故[C]“研究没有进行到问题解决”与原文相符。

25. [答案] [B] tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals.

[注释] 推理判断题。从本文可以推理，作者同意下面哪一看法?[A]“全国采用反污染装置才能最后防止癌症”过于偏激，实际上做不到。[C]“更多研究癌症的原因才能取得进一步的进展”，只是研究致癌原因，而不采取措施，于事无补。[D]“必须使工业化减速以防止致癌物的扩散”属极端做法。[B]“建立更严厉的法律来限制工人接触有害化学物质”可从文中推断出，因为第3段后半段写道：“由于医学科学家和管理当局重视不够，许多工人在高浓度氯乙烯的环境中工作，健康和生命受到威胁”。而现行的各种限制标准比道尔公司规定的“安全极限”都高。所以，可以推理，作者认为，需要更严格的法规来降低工人接触有害化学物质。故应选[B]。

注意：the official maximum permissible body burden公认的体内最大承受量。biodegradable不能起生物递降分解作用的。

26. [答案] [A] identify the issues that will not be addressed in the text.

[注释] 细节理解题。本题问：作者在第1段中提出克隆方面的道德考虑问题其目的何在?第1段第1句写道：“克隆的话题从一开始就是一个在政治上和伦理上有争议的问题。”接着作者说：“虽然这些问题的道德观和哲学观完全依赖于个人的解释说明，但是对克隆技术的应用还是可以进行客观研究的。”从这句话中可以看出，作者在本文中并不打算来论述克隆问题的道德观和哲学观，而是想客观地来研究克隆技术的应用问题。因此，[A]“来确认本文中不想陈述的问题”是作者提出该问题的目的。

27. [答案] [C] show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.

[注释] 细节理解题。本题问：作者把注意力转到圣地亚哥动物园中的大熊猫幼仔“华妹”其目的何在?第2段最后一句写道：“就大熊猫而论，某些人工繁衍后代的技术已经施行，或许这就为下一步克隆大熊猫铺平了道路。”这句话说明，现在已经研究出一些人工繁衍后代的技术，这些技术虽不是克隆技术，但为下一步实施克隆技术铺平了道路。接着在第3段中作者以大熊猫幼仔“华妹”为例来说明，除克隆外，一些人工繁衍后代的技术(如人工授精技术)已经取得成功。可见， [C]“表明，除了克隆以外其他一些人工繁殖技术已经取得成功” 是正确选项。

注意：上述两题属于“深入应用题”，解这类题要求考生在理解文章中相关细节的基础上能够利用所获得的信息去发掘深层次的内涵。这类题难度较大。希望考生深入研究命题思路，制定行之有效的应试对策。

28. [答案] [D] inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population.

[注释] 总结归纳题。本题问：第4段写来是为了什么?第4段第1句写道：“通过使用克隆技术来增加大熊猫的种群，这一计划涉及使用与大熊猫相关的物种——美国黑熊。”接着作者详细阐述了这一克隆的全过程。可见，本段内容写来是向读者介绍如何在大熊猫种群中进行克隆工作。故答案非[D]莫属。

29. [答案] [B] display both sides arguments on another contentious issue in cloning.

[注释] 总结归纳题。本题问：第5段写来是为了什么?第5段第1句陈述了在研究资金问题上克隆技术反对者的论据，而第2句则介绍了在经济能力问题上克隆技术支持者的论点。可见，选项[B]“摆出了在克隆方面另一个争论的问题上双方的论据”总结归纳了第5段的写作目的。

30. [答案] [B] an endangered species with many living related species.

[注释] 推理判断题。本题问：从本文所给信息中可以推理，下面哪一项会成为克隆的最佳候选者?[A]项无概括性，不能选用。至于[C]项，文中只讲到过去曾经采用人工授精的方法来繁殖大熊猫，但这不能推理说，过去成功采用人工技术繁殖的物种是克隆的最佳候选者。至于[D]“那些只能靠克隆来作为惟一可行的繁殖方法的物种”，文章中没有相关的细节可作为此推理的依据，故不能入选。文章中说到大熊猫是濒临灭绝的动物，而且又有与它相关的物种(如美国黑熊)可以作为克隆媒体。可见，克隆的最佳候选者应具备以上两条，故[B]为正确选项。