Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] , [B ~ , [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I.

Text 1

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the election of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth". That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense; society must get even, which can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract the denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The execution of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.

Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found, what’s more, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.

1. The expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth" was cited in order to

[A] prove that equality demands just punishment.

[B] justify the need for punishment as a part of law.

[C] give moral back to retributive justice.

[D] show that man has long been interested in justice.

2. Hegel would view the death sentence for murder as

[A] inadequate justice.

[B] an admission of not being able to cure a disease.

[C] the best way for society to get revenge.

[D] a richly deserved punishment for the murderer.

3. The basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice lies in

[A] the type of crime that was proven.

[B] the severity of the punishment.

[C] the reason for the sentence.

[D] the outcome of the trial.

4. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] The notion of corrective justice pays more attention to equality.

[B] Modern jurists don’t approve of our trying to separate any criminals from the society.

[C] The idea of retributive justice is already removed in our civilized society.

[D] Supporters of retributive justice are inclined to adopt the severest punishment.

5. Which of the following would be the best title for this text?

[A] Fitting Punishment to the Crime. [B] Approaches to Just Punishment.

[C] Improvement in Legal Justice. [D] Attaining Justice in the Courts.

Text 2

One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.

Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.

The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.

In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization : conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.

The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory, While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.

6. Conger’s experiment with two groups of rats

[A] concludes that alcohol drinking may affect appetite.

[B] confirms the findings of other academic researchers.

[C] shows that alcohol minimizes fear.

[D] disproves learning and reinforcement theory.

7. From paragraph 3, we can learn that

[A] the learning theory contradicts itself in some fields.

[B] drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.

[C] tension reduction appears first after drinking alcohol.

[D] the unpleasant consequence of alcoholism can make alcoholics stop drinking.

8. The author provides enough information to answer the question of

[A] why alcoholics continue to drink in spite of the unpleasant consequences.

[B] how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy.

[C] under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.

[D] which is the best treatment of alcoholism.

9. It can be inferred from the text that

[A] the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.

[B] the behavior of most alcoholics proves the learning theory.

[C] punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.

[D] frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.

10. The main purpose of the text is to

[A] introduce some theories about alcoholism.

[B] help alcoholics and others to understand the cause of alcoholism.

[C] explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholism.

[D] show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.

Text 3

A class action lawsuit has been filed against a prominent Toronto doctor, by patients who allege he injected a banned substance into their faces for cosmetic purposes. The doctor had already been investigated more than three years ago for using the liquid silicone, a product not authorized for use in Canada.

Some patients say they are now suffering health problems and think the liquid silicone may be to blame. One of those patients is Anna Barbiero. She says her Toronto dermatologist told her he was using liquid silicone to smooth out wrinkles. What she says he didn’t tell her is that it isn’t approved for use in Canada. "I didn’t know what liquid silicone was and he just called it ’ liquid gold’ ," Barbiero remembers. After her last treatment, Anna discovered Dr. Sheldon Pollack had been ordered to stop using the silicone two years earlier by Health Canada. Experts say silicone can migrate through the body, and cause inflammation and deformities.

"My upper lip is always numb and it burns," Barbiero says. Barbiero is spearheading a lawsuit against the doctor, who her lawyer thinks might involve up to 100 patients injected with the same material. "The fact, a physician of his stature would use an unauthorized product on a patient because he thought it was okay, is really very disturbing, "says lawyer Douglas Elliott.

Ontario’s College of Physicians and Surgeons (OCPS) is also investigating Dr. Pollack to see if, in fact, he continued to use the silicone after agreeing to stop and whether he wrote in patient records that he used another legal product when he had used silicone. However, in a letter to the College, Dr. Pollack wrote that he had always told patients that the silicone was not approved for sale in Canada, and had warned them of the risks. And in Barbiero’s case, " ... at the time of her first visit, prior to her ever receiving IGLS treatment, I specifically informed her that the material was not approved for sale in Canada by the Health Protection Panch and that I did receive the material from outside the country... I would like to emphasize that, as is evident on Ms. Barbiero’s chart, I drew a specific diagram on the chart which 1 carefully discussed with and explained to Ms. Barbiero as I do with every other patient to explain the nature and likelihood of possible complications and the reasons and consequences of those possible complications. "

Dr. Pollack declined to speak to CTV News, or to have his lawyer discuss the case. None of the allegations have been proven in court. But the case raises questions about the ability of governing bodies to monitor doctors. "There’s a larger message and that is. buyer beware," says Nancy Neilsen of Cosmetic Surgery Canada. "It’s incumbent on consumers to do their research. "

11. Why was Doctor Sheldon Pollack charged?

[A] Because he had prescribed wrong medicine for patients by mistake.

[B] Because he had treated his patients with something illegal, causing bad result.

[C] Because he had pretended to be a prominent surgeon.

[D] Because he had sold an unauthorized product in large amount.

12. The word "dermatologist" (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means a doctor dealing with

[A] heart disease. [B] eye disease. [C] Peathing disorder. [D] disorder and disease of the skin.

13. What does the investigation of OCPS want to find?

[A] Whether Dr. Pollack still has illegal treatment on his patients.

[B] How many patients have been abused.

[C] If Dr. Pollack told his patients about the risk.

[D] How much money Dr. Pollack got from his illegal treatment.

14. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Barbiero took the treatment after being told the risk.

[B] Dr. Pollack started his work with the patients’ agreement to accept the potential risk.

[C] A famous doctor should be authorized to use something he thinks okay on patients.

[D] Barbiero is suffering a lot.

15. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A] Barbiero will win the lawsuit. [B] Dr. Sheldon Pollack will win the lawsuit.

[C] the cases have been dismissed. [D] governing bodies which monitor doctors will be charged.

Text 4

When a customer claimed to have found a severed finger in a bowl of chili served at a Wendy’s fast food franchise in California, the chain’s sales fell by half in the San Jos6 area where the incident was reported. Wendy’s Pand and reputation were at risk, until the claim was exposed as a hoax in late April and the company, operator of America’s third biggest hamburger chain, was vindicated.

Yet the share price of Wendy’s International, the parent company, rose steadily through March and April, despite the finger furore and downgrades from analysts. One reason was heavy buying by hedge funds, led by Pershing Square Capital. This Week Pershing made its intentions public, saying that it was worried by market rumors that Wendy’s might soon buy more fast food Pands, and arguing that the firm should be selling assets instead. Pershing’s approach indicates rising pressure on American restaurant companies to perform, at a time when the industry’s growth prospects look increasingly tough.

The hit on customers’ wallets from higher petrol prices and rising interest rates will probably mean that year on year sales growth across the American restaurant industry slows to just 1% by the fourth quarter of 2005, down from a five year historic average of 5.6%, say UBS, an investment bank, and Global Insight, a forecasting group. Looking further ahead, says UBS’s David Palmer, the industry may have to stop relying on most of the long term trends that were behind much of its recent growth.

Three quarters of Americans already live within three miles of a McDonald’s restaurant, leaving little scope for green-field growth. Obesity is a growing issue in America, and with it come the threat of liability lawsuits against big restaurant chains and, perhaps, legal limits on advertising. This week America’s biggest food trade group, the Grocery Manufacturers’ Association, was said to be preparing tougher guidelines on the marketing of food to children, in the hope of staving off statutory controls. Home cooking may also be making a comeback, helped by two factors. The percentage of women joining America’s workforce may have peaked, and supermarket chains such as Wal-Mart have been forcing down retail food prices.

Expansion overseas is one option for American restaurant chains. Burger King, the privately owned number two hamburger chain, opened its first outlet in China last month, apparently aiming to maintain strong growth ahead of an initial public offering next year. McDonald’s has 600 outlets in China and plans 400 more. But at home, the future seems to hold only an even more competitive and cost-conscious restaurant industry. Fast food chains are trying to poach customers from "casual dining" chains (such as Applebee’s Neighborhood Grill), while those chains are squeezing out independent restaurants unable to compete on cost or in marketing clout. Business conditions, not severed fingers, are the real threat to the weaker firms in the restaurant business.

16. The word "hoax" (Line 3, Para. 1) probably means

[A] truth. [B] joke. [C] revenge. [D] warn.

17. Why did the share price of Wendy’s International rise steadily after the "severed finger" incident?

[A] Because the woman’s claim was reported as a mistake.

[B] Because Wendy’s is American’s third biggest hamburger chain.

[C] Because Pershing Square Capital bought a large amount of its shares.

[D] Because Wendy’s will buy more fast food Pands and assets.

18. From paragraph 4 we can infer that

[A] there is one McDonald’s restaurant every three miles.

[B] to limit advertising of food to children is a way to avoid obesity.

[C] home cooking may prevent women from joining America’s workforce.

[D] Wal-Mart can raise the food prices by its large scale.

19. How can American restaurant chains accelerate their business?

[A] To improve the quality of their products and services.

[B] To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds.

[C] To invest more money in advertising especially to children.

[D] To expand their business scope overseas.

20. Which statement is true according to the text?

[A] America’s restaurant industry is growing steadily.

[B] Wendy’s International is threatened severely by Burger King and McDonald.

[C] Fast food chains are facing a more competitive market inside America.

[D] UBS and Global Insight are planning to help the restaurant industry get out of difficulties.

参考答案：

1. [题眼] 特殊标点处设题；例证处设题

[解析] 选[D]。推理判断题。第一段指出：人们认为正义是平等的一种形式，要保持社会安定，就要对罪犯做出相应的惩罚。引用《旧约》的话也就是作为该观点的例证，表明人们长期以来一直对正义感兴趣，[D]为正确答案。

2. [题眼] 例证处设题

[解析] 选[D]。事实细节题。作者引用黑格尔的思想也是为了论证报复主义的观点。黑格尔相信社会给予罪犯所犯罪行相应的惩罚是应该的，对于杀人犯，最合适的莫过于用结束他的生命来声讨他所犯的罪行，执行死刑是政府惩罚罪犯的权利，同时也是罪犯罪有应得，所以黑格尔支持[D]，同时排除其他三项。

3. [题眼] 对比处设题

[解析] 选[C]。推理判断题。文章第二段提出改造主义观念。接下来讲到，改造主义的目的不是抛弃平等权利，而是找到一个更完善的方法来体现平等，同时尽力让每个人具有均等的机会，认识到自己也能做得最好，这也就意味着执法是为了改造罪犯，不仅仅是惩罚他们，由此判断改造型正义与报复型正义的不同之处在于[C]"判决理由"。

4. [题眼] 特殊句型设题

[解析] 选[A]。事实细节题。文章第二段第二句采用not...but...句型讲到改造主义观念不是要抛弃平等这一观念，而是要找到一个更为完善的方法来体现平等。可见改造型正义观念更加重视平等，故[A]为答案。第二段提到只有那些无可救药的罪犯才应该永远与社会隔离开来，可排除[B]；第一段提到报复型的正义观念在现代法律体系和法律程序的许多方面都有所体现，可排除[C]；即使是报复型正义观念的支持者也赞同选择一种适当的惩罚方式，而不是越严重越好，排除[D]。

5. [解析] 选[B]。主旨大意题。全文主要讲两种惩罚罪犯的方法，并分别进行了叙述，答案为[B]。文中只是叙述了[A]，并未对其做评价，故排除；[C]、 [D]文章没有提到

6. [题眼] 例证处设题；对比处设题

[解析] 选[C]。事实细节题。文章第二段介绍了Conger的实验。该实验研究酒精是否能减轻恐惧，通过对比给老鼠注射酒精后的结果，发现它们远离电击的能力明显减弱，而接近食物的能力却保持不变。这说明，Conger所做的实验是想表明酒精可以降低恐惧，所以[C]为正确答案。实验的结果是酒精没有影响食欲，排除[A]；[B]属于无中生有；[D]文中未提及。

7. [题眼] 观点总结处设题

[解析] 选[C]。事实细节题。第三段第三句分号后的句子总结说，酒精对减缓压力有立竿见影的效果，因此选项[C]是对这句的同义转述。该段第一句话说，饮酒者经历的烦扰似乎与学习理论对酗酒的解释相矛盾，但并没有说该理论自相矛盾，所以[A]错误；[B]属于无中生有；[D]与文意相反。

8. [解析] 选[A]。事实细节题。文章前面两段介绍了有关酗酒的学习与强化理论，随后的段落解释了酗酒者继续饮酒的原因，指出，饮酒者在面临家庭不和、失业以及疾病时继续饮酒，过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负疚感可能本身就成为再一次酗酒的导火线，如果饮酒者学会了在奖赏和惩罚这两种情况下饮酒，那么任何一种情况都可能引发反复饮酒。由此可见，作者主要回答了"酗酒者为什么继续饮酒"这个问题，故选[A]。文中虽然提到了Conger，但并没有提到休克疗法，排除[B];文中没有提到忧虑可以带来好处，排除[C]；[D]属于无中生有。

9. [题眼] 尾段设题

[解析] 选[C]。推理判断题。最后一段提到，虽然惩罚可以用来抑制反应，但是，惩罚也可以当作一种奖赏，并且会强化饮酒这种行为。由此可知，奖赏和惩罚都可能引发反复饮酒，所以[C]正确。奖赏和惩罚就是文中所谓的接近与回避，而文中的信息表明，酗酒者的行为符合这种理论，所以[A]与文意相反；[B]在文中未提及；最后一段提到：在解释酗酒原因时，惩罚的作用越来越重要了，惩罚可以用来抑制反应，说明[D]与文意不符。

10. [解析] 选[B]。主旨大意题。文章首先提到了有关酗酒的诸多理论，随后具体介绍了学习和强化理论对酗酒的解释，接着指出过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负疚感可能本身就成为再一次酗酒的导火线。因此，本文主要是在解释酗酒的原因，选项[B]正确。文章只在第一段提到了有关酗酒的理论，所以[A]不全面；[C]和[D]属于无中生有。

11. [题眼] 首段首句设题

[解析] 选[B]。事实细节题。由第一段第一句中...allege he injected a banned sub stance into their faces for cosmetic purposes 可知，患者对一位多伦多的著名医生(后文提到的Dr. Sheldon Pollack)提起了集体诉讼，指责他使用违禁材料为她们做面部美容，同时第三段第一句提到患者Barbiero说她的上唇麻木、有烧灼感，这些属于bad result。因此可确认[B]正确。

12. [解析] 选[D]。语义理解题。根据该词所在句的语境to smooth out wrinkles可以判断正确答案为[D]。

13. [题眼] 段首句设题

[解析] 选[A]。事实细节题。根据题干关键词investigation of OCPS，答案定位于第四段首句：安大略内外科医学院正在调查Dr. Pollack，以便弄清楚他在同意停用后是否还在继续使用硅胶，以及他是否在使用硅胶的同时却在患者的病历上写上别的合法产品的名称。显然[A]正确。

14. [题眼] 段首句设题

[解析] 选[D]。推理判断题。根据第二段段首句的内容以及第三段首句Barbiero的话，可以判断[D]正确。由第二段和第四段中引用的病人和医生的话，可知[A]、[B]属于当事双方各执一词，暂无定论；第三段最后一句律师的话是对[C]的批驳。

15. [题眼] 尾段设题

[解析] 选[C]。事实细节题。根据最后一段第二句None of the allegations have been proven in court可以推断[A]、[B]错误，[C]正确。由第三句"但是这个案子提出了一个政府是否有能力监管医生的问题"可知[D]错误。

16. [题眼] 特殊句式处设题

[解析] 选[B]。语义理解题。理解这个词的关键是通过上文的文意加上until从句的提示来判断，前文介绍Wendy’s fast food franchise出现断指事件使得公司名誉受损，而until从句表明事情的转机，由此推断hoax应该是指前面提到的指控是不真实的，选项中只有[B]与此接近；[A]正相反；其他两项没有根据。

17. [题眼] 因果关系处设题

[解析] 选[C]。推理判断题。第二段第一句对应题干，第二句开头的One reason引出原因，选项[C]是对该句的同义转述，为答案。选项[A]、[B]表述正确，但不是原因；[D]项是传言的说法，不是事实。

18. [解析] 选[B]。事实细节题。第四段第一句中有Three quarters of Americans的限制，因此不是所有地方都是每三英里有一个麦当劳，所以[A]错误；第二、三句综合在一起就是选项[B]的内容；选项[C]和[D]是对最后两句的错误推断。因此答案为[B]。

19. [题眼] 段首句设题

[解析] 选[D]。推理判断题。第五段第一句one option for American restaurant chains对应题干内容，所以答案应为该句的主语expansion overseas，即选项[D]。其他选项均属于想当然。[C]项为强干扰项，第四段中只提到对企业做广告进行限制，并没有将做广告作为促进业务发展的方法，所以排除。

20. [解析] 选[C]。推理判断题。纵观全文可以看出文章讨论了美国餐饮业面临的困境，所以[A]错误；文中分别以Wendy’s，Burger King和McDonald做例子，但并没有将三者联系起来，[B]错误；UBS和Global Insight只是对现状进行了分析和预测，并没有帮助餐饮业的打算，[D]错误；而选项[C]叙述的正是文章的主要内容，所以正确。