2011考研英语预测题及答案(1)
The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states, such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected__3__ valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic, in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was__9__ to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the “guarantor” of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__, the family heads who formed the original senate,__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved__15__to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on__16__months, and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded. 1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to 2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred 3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about 4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it 5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made 6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular 7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind 8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved 9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised 10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation 11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling 12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers 13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced 14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider 15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about 16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several 17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But 18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national 19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so 20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
答案1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
总体分析本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。第一句指出罗马人有关国家形成的理论很有特点。第二句至第五句指出,罗马人的理论与希腊人的大不相同,是非常具体的。第六句至文章结尾具体阐述了罗马人关于国家权力的所有和分配形式。
试题精解1.[精解] 本题考查介词用法辨析。空格处的介词与名词短语the construction of ideal states 搭配,作blueprints 的后置定语,意为“……的蓝图”。for可表示对象、用途,意为“给,对,供”等,如a book for children(儿童读物),a new table for the dining room(用在饭厅的新桌子)。本句中,“建设理想国家”是“蓝图”的用途,因此选择介词for,[B]正确。其它介词:with和名词搭配常表示“具有……特征”,如a woman with a hot temper(脾气暴躁的女人);with和动词搭配常表示“用,以,借”,如Cut it with a knife.(用刀把它切开。)in表示“以,用(语言,材料等)”,如He spoke in a loud voice.(他大声说话。)to表示“到,达(某种状态)”,如He tore the letter to pieces.(他把信撕碎了。)
2.[精解] 本题考查动词用法辨析。空格所在部分such as__2 __to the Greeks是一个定语从句,其中as为关系代词,指代先行词blueprints.因此,该从句的主语是as指代的blueprints,谓语是空格处填入的动词。该动词是个不及物动词,与后面的介词to搭配。符合要求的只有[C]appeal,它常和介词to搭配,意为“(对某人)有吸引力,引起(某人的)兴趣”,如Do these paintings appeal to you?(你对这些画感兴趣吗?)
其它项的动词都是及物动词:tempt sb. to do sth.意为“诱惑、吸引(某人做某事)”,其中to为不定式符号,如Nothing would tempt me to live here.(什么也吸引不了我在这里居住。)attract sb. to sth. 意为“引起某人对某事的好感或喜爱”,如What attracted me to the job was its challenges.(这份工作吸引我的是它的挑战性。)transfer sb./sth. to…… 意为“使转移,搬迁”,如transfer money to his account(将钱转到他的帐户上)。
补充:such…… as意为“像……这样的”,其中as可作关系代词,引起定语从句,如The article provided such information as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States.(这篇文章提供了美国大部分报纸没有提供的信息。)such有时不放在所修饰的词前,而和as放在一起,如上面例句也可写成:The article provided information such as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States. 3.[精解] 本题考查句子结构及介词用法。空格所在句子中出现了倒装结构,由于其宾语intellectual exercises的后置定语较长,因此将宾补valueless提前。该句子的正常语序是Roman theorists ignored, or rejected intellectual exercises__3__valueless.能够引出宾补的介词只有[C]as,如I respect him as a doctor.(我尊敬他这个医生。)You can use that glass as a vase.(你可以把那个玻璃杯当作花瓶用。)
4.[精解] 本题考查从句的引导词。空格上下文分别是两个结构完整的分句,无法仅仅用逗号连接。由此可知,空格所在部分是in __4__引导的非限定性从句,修饰先行词Plato‘s Republic,in 4在该从句中作状语。能够指代名词,并和介词搭配的关系代词是[A]which.[B]that不用在非限定性从句中,[C]what只能引导名词性从句,[D]it不能引导从句。
5.[精解] 本题考查短语动词辨析。空格所在部分was__5__out是定语从句中的谓语,由于它是被动式,因此其逻辑宾语就是该从句的主语the relationship.turn out意为“制造,生产;关掉,熄灭”,如turn out 900 cars a week(一周生产900辆汽车),turn out the lights(关灯)。work out意为“计算,算出;处理,解决;计划,思考”,如work out the answer/a problem/a new way(计算出答案/解决问题/制定出新方案)。bring out意为“使显现,使表现出;生产,出版”;如A crisis brings out the best in her.(危机促使她表现得特别出色。)The band have just brought out the second album.(这个乐队刚刚推出了他们的第二张专辑。)。make out意为“辨认;理解,明白”,如make out a figure in the darkness(在黑暗中看出一个人的轮廓),make out what she was saying(弄明白她在说些什么)。根据句意,应该选[B],work out the relationship表示“想出或制定出(个人与国家之间的)关系”。
6.[精解] 本题考查近义形容词辨析。选项中四个形容词为近义词。special意为“特别的,专门的”,如special treatment(特殊照顾)。specific意为“特殊的;明确的”,如There is a specific tool for each job.(每个工种都配备特定的工具。)specific instructions(明确的指示)。peculiar意为“奇怪的;独特的”,如The food has a peculiar taste.(这食物有种怪味道。)The Mid-Autumn Festival is peculiar to China.(中秋节是中国所独有的。)particular意为“不寻常的,特别的”,如particular attention(特别注意)。但是particular也可意为“专指的,特指的”,这种用法的particular只用在名词前作定语,与泛指相对,如Is there a particular type of book he enjoys?(他特别喜爱哪一类书籍吗?)由句意可知,空格处填入的形容词修饰states or individuals,表示“特指的国家或个人”,与上文提到的“泛指的国家或个人”相对。因此应选[D]。
7.[精解] 本题考查固定搭配。have sb./sth. in mind意为“心中有适当的人(或事情)等”,如Watching TV all evening wasn‘t exactly what I had in mind!(我才不愿整个晚上都看电视!)空格所在部分表达的含义是“对罗马有了非常清楚的想法”,因此应选[D]mind.其它项都可以和介词in搭配:in store意为“即将发生(在某人身上),等待着(某人)”,如They think it’ll be easy but they have a surprise in store.(他们以为事情容易,到时候他们就会吃惊的。)in existence意为“现存”,如This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence.(这是现存最古老的希伯来语手稿。)in reality意为“实际上,事实上”,如She seemed confident but in reality she felt nervous.(她看起来自信,而实际上很紧张。)显然,其它项都不符合文意。
8.[精解] 本题考查动词词义辨析。空格所在部分是even when引导的让步状语从句,其中it指代上文的Roman thought(罗马人的想法),空格处填入的动词是谓语,其宾语是religious and moral concepts.选项中,abandon意为“放弃,抛弃”,如abandon the hope/one‘s lands(放弃希望/丢下土地)。catch意为“染病;听见,理解”,如catch a cold/what you said(得感冒/弄懂你说的话)。separate意为“分开,隔开”,如It is impossible to separate belief from emotion.(信仰和感情是分不开的。)involve意为“包含;牵涉,牵连”,如Any investment involves an element of risk.(任何投资都有一定的冒险成分。)a serious incident involving a group of youths(涉及一群年轻人的严重事件)。根据句意,应选[D],表示“即使涉及到宗教和道德概念”。
9.[精解] 本题考查动词用法辨析。空格所在部分was__9__为谓语动词的被动式,其主语是The first ruler,不定式结构to have…… 作主补。be told to do意为“被命令、吩咐做某事”,如He was told to sit down and wait.(有人吩咐他坐下等着。)be held to be/do意为“被认为是/做……”,如These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.(这些花瓶被视为最精美的希腊艺术代表作。)suggest不与不定式连用,因此不存在be suggested to do的结构。be advised to do意为“被建议做某事”,如He was advised to take a complete rest.(他被建议彻底休息一下。)文中不定式的完成式to have received表明该动作发生在空格动词动作之前,根据句意,应选择[B]held,表示“统治者被认为已经获得了……”。
10.[精解] 本题考查根据上下文选择恰当的词。空格处填入的名词被constitutional(立宪的,宪法的)修饰。tendency意为“趋势,倾向”;procedure意为“程序,手续,步骤”;development意为“发展”;relation意为“关系”。根据句意,选择[C],表示“宪法的发展”。
11.[精解] 本题考查根据上下文选择恰当的词。authority意为“权力,职权”;power意为“控制力,操纵力;权力”;control意为“控制”;ruling意为“判决,裁定,统治”。由于上文提到,“统治者从神那里获得了权利(authority)”,因此空格所在句子的含义应是“宪法授予和管理该权力”,此外,下文也提到“行使权力(exercise authority)”,因此本题最佳答案是[A]。
12.[精解] 本题考查名词词义辨析。officers指“官员”;men指“男人们”;administrators指“管理人员,行政官员”;复数形式的fathers一般指“祖先,先父”。下文的插入语the family…… senate是空格处名词的同位语,其中the family head是对father的解释,senate(参议院)与assembly(立法机构)在含义上相呼应。因此本题应选[D]。
13.[精解] 本题考查动词词义辨析。空格处填入动词,其主语是the assembly of the fathers,宾语是the religious character.[A]possess意为“拥有;具有(特质)”,如He doesn‘t possess a sense of humor.(他没有什么幽默感。)[A]在文中可表示“具有(宗教特质)”,符合文意。其它项:claim意为“要求,请求,主张”;assure意为“保证,担保”,一般接sb.作宾语;enforce意为“强制执行,强行实施;强迫”。
14.[精解] 本题考查形近动词辨析。空格所在部分是because引导的状语从句,解释上文“先父们的立法机构拥有行使权利所必须的宗教特质”的原因。confirm意为“确定,批准,证实”;confer意为“授予”;consult意为“咨询,请教”;consider意为“考虑”。根据句意,应选[C],表示“向神寻求建议或启示”。
15.[精解] 本题考查短语动词辨析。move over意为“挪开,让位置”,如He felt he should move over in favor of a younger man.(他觉得他应该让位给一个更年轻的人。)move along意为“向前移动(以腾出空间)”,如The people in the bus moved along, to make room for others.(公车里的人往前挪以便给别人腾地方。)move on意为“往前走;开始做(新的事情)”,如Can we move on to the next item on the agenda?(我们可以接着讨论下一项议程吗?)move about意为“不停地走动”,如You will be warm enough if you move about.(如果你到处走动一下你就会感到很暖和的。)上文提到,“最初的参议院拥有行使权利所必须的宗教特质”,本句则提到,“参议员们将权利再进行分割”,显然,两个分句之间是“继续,接着”的含义,应选[C]。
16.[精解] 本题考查形容词词义辨析。空格处填入的形容词修饰months.alternate可意为“间隔的,每隔(……天的)”,如He has to work on alternate Sundays.(他每隔一周就有一个周日得上班。)different意为“不同的”,如shirts of different colors(颜色不同的衬衫)。varied意为“各种各样的”,如varied cultures(各种不同的文化)。several意为“几个,若干”,如several hours a day(每天几个小时)。根据句意,司法官或总管官员拥有权力的时间应是“每隔一个月”,而不是“不同的月”、“各种各样的月”或“几个月”。因此,[A]为正确项。
17.[精解] 本题考查逻辑词。空格处填入的连词表示所在分句与上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到,参议院拥有权利,并将它下放到各级官员手中。空格所在部分是一个长句,其主干结构是the achievement was to create the idea of continuing…… authority(成就是创造持续的……权力的概念)。authority后是两个并列的分词结构,即,embodied…… in和conferred…… 作后置定语。由句意可知,本句仍然在讨论权力下放的问题,但它强调这种权力不完全属于上层阶级,也需要大众的认可。因此在含义上本句出现了转折。选项中,And表并列,So表因果,Or表选择,But表转折。[D]为正确项。
18.[精解] 本题考查根据上下文选择恰当的词。空格处的名词作定语,修饰authority.本文一开始就提到罗马人关于国家理论的形成(Roman theorizing about the state)。文中多次出现了关键词state.因此可推知,空格部分涉及的是应是“国家权力”。state authority是表达“国家权力”的习惯搭配,一般不用country或people,national authority常表示“民族权力机构”。
19.[精解] 本题考查连词用法辨析。空格处填入一连词,引导后面的从句,和空格前的过去分词一起在句子中作状语。该分词结构可以扩充为一个完整的句子,即,authority was conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. 由于as和so都不与only连用,应排除。能与only连用的连词是when和if.only when引导时间状语从句,意为“只有在……时候才……”,如Only when he read the newspaper did he know the story.(只有在他看了报纸后他才知道那则报导。)only if引导条件从句,多与现在时连用,意为“只有在……条件下才……”,如Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.(只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。)正确项为[B]。
20.[精解] 本题考查名词词义辨析。空格所在部分with enormous__ 20__作状语,修饰grew.dimension意为“大小,规模,程度,范围”;complexity意为“复杂性”;exercise意为“活动,练习;行使,运用”;function意为“功能”。下文as引导时间状语从句,说明了主语动作发生的背景和原因。“新的部门和立法机构被创造出来并且几乎没有任何一个被摈弃”导致的结果应该是“系统越来越复杂”,[B]为正确项。
全文翻译奥古斯都(罗马帝国第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上归功于罗马人将国家理论化的特点。罗马人没有制定出让希腊人感兴趣的建设理想国家的宏伟蓝图。在柏拉图的《理想国》中不涉及具体个人或国家的一种个人与国家之间的关系被详细地设计出来,但罗马理论家们几乎无一例外地忽视或拒绝接受像《理想国》这样的智力训练,认为它们毫无价值。罗马人最接近希腊模式的是西塞罗的《论国家》,甚至在这本书中西塞罗的心中已经对罗马有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念,罗马人关于国家的想法也是具体的。罗马的第一位统治者罗穆卢斯被认为从神,尤其是从罗马的守护神宙斯那里获得了权力。所有宪法的发展都是一种赋予和监督这种权力的方法。很显然,人们相信只有先父们的立法机构,即一家之主们组成的最初的参议院,才拥有行使这种权力所必需的宗教特质,因为它最初的功能是寻求神的启示。既实际又排外的参议员们将权力再进一步分割,认为他们的司法官或总管官员,将每隔一个月拥有这项权力,并在之后将其拥有权扩大到更低等级的官员。但是重要的成就是创造了持续的国家权力的概念,这种权力只是临时体现在某些上层阶级的个人身上,并且只有当普通大众一致同意的时候才被赋予。当新的部门和立法机构被创造出来并且几乎没有任何一个被摈弃的时候,这个系统变得越来越复杂。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1 U. S.-led occupation authorities have begun a secret campaign to recruit and train agents with the once-dreaded Iraqi intelligence service to help identify resistance to American forces here after months of increasingly sophisticated attacks and bombings, according to U.S…… and Iraqi officials. The extraordinary move to recruit agents of former president‘s security services demonstrates a growing recognition among U.S. officials that American military forces—already stretched thin—cannot alone prevent attacks like the devastating truck bombing of the U.N. headquarters recently, the officials said. Authorities have stepped up the recruitment over the past two weeks, one senior U.S. official said, despite sometimes firm objections by members of the U.S.-appointed Iraqi Governing Council, who complain that they have too little control over the pool of recruits. While U.S. officials acknowledge the sensitivity of cooperating with a force that embodied the ruthlessness of the overthrown president’s rule, they assert that an urgent need for better and more precise intelligence has forced unusual compromises.“The only way you can combat terrorism is through intelligence,” the senior official said. “It‘s the only way you’re going to stop these people from doing what they‘re doing.” He added: “Without Iraqi input, that’s not going to work.”
Officials are reluctant to disclose how many former agents have been recruited since the effort began. But Iraqi officials say they number anywhere from dozens to a few hundred, and U.S. officials acknowledge that the recruitment is extensive.“We‘re reaching out very widely,” said one official with the U.S.-led administration, who like most spoke on condition of anonymity because of sensitivity over questions of intelligence and sources. Added a Western diplomat: “There is an obvious evolution in American thinking. First the police are reconstituted, then the army. It is logical that intelligence officials from the regime would also be recruited.”
Officials say the first line of intelligence-gathering remains the Iraqi police, who number 6,500 in Baghdad and 33,000 nationwide. But that force is hampered in intelligence work by a lack of credibility with a belief-broken public, and its numbers remain far below what U.S. officials say they need to bring order to an unruly capital. Across Iraq, walk-in informers have provided tips on weapons hidings and locations of suspected guerrillas, but many Iraqis dismiss those reports as occasional and sometimes motivated by a desire for personal gain. The emphasis in recruitment appears to be on the intelligence service known as the Mukhabarat, one of four branches in the former security service, although it is not the only target for the U.S. effort. The Mukhabarat, whose name itself inspired fear in ordinary Iraqis, was the foreign intelligence service, the most sophisticated of the four. 1. America‘s attitude towards Iraqi intelligence was one of _____[A] disgust [B] hatred [C] fear [D] resent 2. The word “devastating” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to _____[A] destructive [B] regretful [C] frustrating [D] terrible 3. The U.S. officials consider the nature of the recruitments of former security services _____[A] give-ins to the bombing[B] setbacks of US-led administration[C] examples of US-Iraqi cooperation[D] compromises of some kind 24. Which of the following is true regarding the recruitment of the intelligence?
[A] The new-release people are unwilling to tell anything about themselves.[B] It is just a preparatory step for the reconstruction of the Iraqi armed forces.[C] The western world as a whole dislikes the idea of reconstruction in this way.[D] An obvious connection exists in the reconstructions of the army and the police. 5. A large part of the Iraqi people hold information about weapon hidings as _____[A] fear-inspired [B] money-driven[C] unreliable [D] sophisticated
答案1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.B
总体分析本文是一篇关于以美国为首的占领当局招募前伊拉克情报局的特工的报道。
第一段:介绍该招募行动的起因。
第二段:指出该招募行动的意义。
第三、四段:美高级官员声称该招募行动是为了打击恐怖主义而做出的妥协。
第五、六段:政府官员不愿意透露这项行动的具体情况。
第七段:指出其他西方国家将这一举措看作是美国人思想进步的表现。
第八段:介绍目前伊拉克情报收集的不良状况。
第九段:介绍招募行动的重点部门。
试题精解1.美国对伊拉克情报的态度是 _____[A]厌恶 [B]仇恨 [C]恐惧 [D]怨恨[精解] 本题考查事实细节。第一段提到,以美国为首的占领当局已经开始了一项秘密的活动,招募并培训曾在使人们胆战心惊(once-dreaded)的伊拉克情报局工作过的特工。选项中四个词都是贬义词,与dread最接近的含义是[C]恐惧。
2. 第二段第三行的单词“devastating”最接近的含义是_____.[A] 破坏性的 [B] 惋惜的[C] 令人沮丧的 [D] 可怕的[精解] 本题考查词义理解。“devastating”一词出现在第二段末句,形容最近发生在联合国办事处的汽车炸弹爆炸事件的特点。该句指出,美国官员逐渐认识到过度分散的美国军队已无力独自承担防止这种事件的发生。第一段提到这类爆炸事件时,用了“策划日益精密(increasingly sophisticated)”来形容。由此可见,这类爆炸事件是极具破坏性的,因此引起了美国当局的极大重视。[A]正确,[D]表达含义太泛。
3.美国官员认为对前安全机构的招募的性质是 _____.[A] 向爆炸事件的屈服[B] 以美国为首的占领当局遇到的挫折[C] 美国和伊拉克合作的事例[D] 某种程度的妥协[精解] 本题考查事实细节。第三段末句提到,虽然美官员们承认与伊拉克情报局的特工合作是一件敏感的事,但由于迫切需要更好的、更精确的情报,不得不做出一些不寻常的妥协(compromises)。因此[D]正确。[A]give-ins是原文compromises的同义表达,但to the bombing是错误的。招募行为是美国为对付恐怖主义采取的新举措,而不是遇到的挫折。排除[B]。由于是招募伊拉克特工为美国所用,因此不能看作是美伊两国之间的合作,排除[C]。
4.下面哪一个是关于招募情报人员的正确说法?
[A] 新近释放的特工不愿意透露他们自己的任何事情。
[B] 这只是筹备重建伊拉克武装部队的一个步骤。
[C] 整个西方世界都不喜欢以这种方式重建的想法。
[D] 在军队和警察部队的重建中存在一种明显的关联性。
[精解] 本题考查推理引申。第五段首句提到,政府官员不愿意公开自招募行动开始后有多少前机构的特工加入。[A]中“新近释放的特工(new-release people)”指的就是该句中的“前机构的特工(former agent)”。[A]中are unwilling to tell与该句中的reluctant to disclose是同义表达。第七段引用一位西方外交官的话指出,无论是之前的“重建警察部队”和“重建军队”,还是现在的“招募情报官员”都是美国人思想进步的表现。因此“招募情报官员”是重建伊拉克武装部队的具体内容,而非筹备活动,排除[B]。西方世界持的是肯定态度,排除[C]。该段没有提到“重建警察部队”和“重建军队”之间的联系,排除[D]。
5. 大部分伊拉克人认为有关武器藏匿的消息 _____.[A] 会引起人们的恐惧 [B] 是受金钱驱使的[C] 是不可靠的 [D] 是复杂的[精解] 本题考查推理引申。第八段末句提到,很多伊拉克人认为有关武器藏匿的情报偶尔才能得到,而且有时是一些人为获得个人利益而出卖这些情报的。[B]是该句中motivated by a desire for personal gain的改写,因此是正确项。
核心词汇或超纲词汇
(1)stretch(v.)拉长,撑大;伸展,舒展;延伸,绵延(2)reconstitute(v.)重新构成,重新制定(3)regime (n.)政体,制度,政权(4)credibility(n.)可信性,可靠性(5)unruly (a.)难控制的,无法无天的,任性的(6)walk-in(a.)大得能走进去的;未经预约的,无需事先约定的,如:a ~ interview(未经预约的访谈)
全文翻译据美国和伊拉克的官员透露,在持续几个月发生了策划日益精密的袭击和爆炸事件后,以美国为首的占领当局已经开始了一项秘密的活动,招募并培训曾在使人们胆战心惊的伊拉克情报局工作过的特工,以帮助确认对美国军队的抵制行为。
官员们还说,这次不同寻常的招募前总统安全机构的特工表明美国官员逐渐认识到,过度分散的美国军队已无力独自承担防止这种最近发生在联合国办事处的大规模杀伤性汽车炸弹爆炸事件。
一位美高级官员说,过去两周内美国当局已经加速了招募行动,尽管有时遭到美国任命的伊拉克执政委员会成员的强烈反对。这些成员抱怨他们招募这批特工的权利太小。虽然美官员们承认与代表被推翻的前总统的残暴统治的军队合作是一件敏感的事,但他们也声称,由于迫切需要更好的、更精确的情报,不得不做出一些不寻常的妥协。
这位美高级官员说,“打击恐怖主义的唯一办法就是利用情报。这是唯一可以阻止那些人停止他们正在做的事情的办法。”他补充到,“没有伊拉克成员的加入,这个办法就无法发挥作用。”
政府官员不愿意公开自招募行动开始后有多少前机构的特工加入。但是伊拉克官员说该数量从几十到几百不等,美国官员则承认是大规模的招募。
“我们触及的范围非常广,” 美国为首的占领当局的一名官员说。由于情报和信息来源等敏感性问题,该官员喜欢在匿名的条件下发言。
一位西方外交官补充说:“美国人的思想有明显的进步。”首先是重建警察部队,然后是重建军队。因此,从前政权招募情报官员也是合理的。
官员们声称,一线情报收集人员是伊拉克警方,他们在巴格达的数量达6500,在全国达33000.但是该武装的情报收集工作由于信仰遭到破坏的公众对他们缺乏信任而受阻碍,并且它的数量远低于美国官员所说的使处于混乱状态的首都恢复秩序所需要的数量。在整个伊拉克,事先没有约定的检举者们提供了有关武器藏匿和可疑的游击队据点的情报,但是很多伊拉克人认为这些情报偶尔才能得到,而且有时是一些人为获得个人利益而出卖这些情报的。
招募行动的重点部门是被称之为“秘密警察”的情报机构,它是前安全机构的四个分支机构之一,但它不是美国政府努力的唯一目标。“秘密警察”的名字本身就能在伊拉克平民中引起恐慌,它是外交情报局,四个机构中最高级的部门。
Text 2 The real heroine of the novel stands at one remove to the narrative. On the face of it, readers are more likely to empathize with, and be curious about, the mysterious and resourceful slave, Sarah, who forms one point of an emotional triangle. Sarah is the property of Manon, and came with her to a failing Louisiana sugar plantation on her marriage to the good-for-nothing, bullying owner. But Manon‘s husband is soon struck by Sarah, and the proof lies in their idiot small son, Walter. However, the reader is forced to see things through Manon’s eyes, not Sarah‘s, and her consciousness is not a comfortable place to be. Never a please or a thank you passes her lips when talking to slaves, though manners is the order of the day in white society. Manon is enormously attracted by inter-racial marriage (for the place and time—the early 19th century—such a concern would not be unusual, but in her case it seems pathological)。 Walter, with “his father’s curly red hair and green eyes, his mother‘s golden skin, her full, pushing-forward lips”, is the object of her especial hatred, but she chatters on about all the “dreadful mixed-blooded”, the objectionable “yellow” people. Beyond Manon’s polarized vision, we glimpse “free negros” and the emerging black middle-class. To Manon‘s disgust, such people actually have self-respect. In New Orleans buying shoes, Manon is taken aback by the shopkeeper’s lack of desired respect. Mixed race prostitutes acquired the affections of male planters by giving them something mysterious their wives cannot often What that might be, and why wives can‘t offer it too, are questions Manon can’t even ask, let alone answer. The first third of the book explores the uneasy and unsustainable peace between Manon, Sarah and the man always called just “my husband” or “he”。 Against the background of violent slave revolts and equally savage revenges, it‘s clear the peace cannot last. It’s part of the subtlety of this book that as the story develops and the inevitable explosion occurs, our view of all the characters swiftly changes. Sarah turns out to deserve all the suspicion Manon directs at her; at the point of death Manon‘s husband displays an admirable toughness and courage; and Manon herself wins the reader’s reluctant admiration for her bravery, her endurance, and her total lack of self-pity. Perhaps the cruelest aspect of this society is the way it breaks down and distorts family affections. A slave‘s baby is usually sold soon after birth; Sarah’s would-be husband, if he wants her, must buy her; and Manon herself, after all, is only the property of her husband. 1. Which of the following reflects Manon‘s attitude towards colored people?
[A] Sympathetic. [B] Suspicious.[C] Concerned. [D] Disgusted. 2. It can be inferred from the text that the novel is written _____.[A] with a mobile point of view[B] with a limited third person singular[C] from Manon‘s perspective[D] from Sarah’s eye as a slave 3. According to Manon, black people should _____.[A] emerge as free middle class citizens[B] behave submissively towards the whites[C] have self-respect in the mixed race marriage[D] learn to offer more affection to their wives 4. We learn that as the story develops _____.[A] readers will think differently of all the characters[B] Manon‘s husband will win back her admiration[C] the emotional crisis will be swiftly resolved[D] all the suspicion will be proved against Sarah 5. From the text we learn that _____.[A] Manon’s husband is a nameless but bullying person[B] Manon is the real heroine who deserves readers‘ sympathy[C] Sarah is in fact smarter than her master Manon[D] Walter is a proof of the mixed race prostitution
答案1. D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B
总体分析本文介绍了一本有关黑人奴隶的小说的故事情节、写作手法及反映的社会问题。
第一段:介绍了黑人女奴莎拉。
第二、三段:介绍了白人女主人玛侬对黑人的厌恶。
第四段:指出小说的特点是故事最后我们对所有人物的看法突然都发生了改变。
第五段:概括该小说所反映的社会问题。
试题精解1. 下面哪一个反映了玛侬对待有色人种的态度?
[A] 同情。 [B] 怀疑。 [C] 关心。 [D] 厌恶。
[精解] 本题考查推理引申。第二段第二句介绍了玛侬和奴隶谈话从不注意礼貌。第二段第三句提到,玛侬对异族通婚有着强烈的兴趣(enormously attracted)…… 她的过度关注却是病态的(pathological)。该段末句提到,玛侬喋喋不休地谈论着所有“可怕的混血”,讨厌的“黄种”人。综合上述内容可知,玛侬对有色人种是厌恶的。[D]正确。
2.从文章中可以推知这篇小说的写作 _____.[A] 带有一种变化的观点[B] 用一种局限的第三人称单数形式[C] 从玛侬的视角出发[D] 通过奴隶莎拉的视角出发[精解] 本题考查推理引申。第二段首句提到,读者被迫通过玛侬,而不是莎拉的视角去看这一切。由此可知[C]正确,排除[D]。第四段第三句提到,这本书的微妙之处在于随着故事情节的发展读者对所有人物的看法突然发生了改变。因此持变化观点的是读者,而非作者,排除[A]。第四段首句提到,玛侬的丈夫总是被称之为“我的丈夫”或“他”,没有给出名字,但由第二段首句可知,主人公玛侬是第一称。因此[B]也不正确。
3.在玛侬看来,黑人应该 _____ .[A] 作为自由的中产阶级市民出现[B] 对白人顺从[C] 在异族通婚中有自尊[D] 学会给予妻子更多的关爱[精解] 本题考查推理引申。第三段第二句提到,让玛侬感到厌恶的是,黑人实际上也有自尊。接着下文分别举出买鞋子和妓女的事例说明玛侬不会接受黑人胆敢不尊重白人和黑人妇女得到白人男人的爱。由此可推出[B]是玛侬对黑人的看法。[A]在该段首句中提到,是社会背景,不是玛侬的观点。由第二段末句中“可怕的混血,讨厌的黄种人”可知,玛侬显然是蔑视异族通婚的,排除[C]。[D]无从推知。
4.我们知道,随着故事情节的发展,_____.[A] 读者对所有人物的看法将发生改变[B] 玛侬的丈夫将重新赢回她的赞赏[C] 情感危机将迅速得到解决[D] 所有的猜疑最后都将指向莎拉[精解] 本题考查事实细节。第四段第三句提到,随着故事情节的发展,我们对所有人物的看法突然都发生了改变。因此[A]正确。该段末句只提到,玛侬的丈夫最后表现出令人钦佩的坚强和勇气,而玛侬本人则赢得了读者的钦佩。但玛侬和丈夫之间的关系没有提及,因此排除[B]。文中也没有提到“情感危机”的结局,排除[C]。[D]错在“所有的怀疑”,文中是“玛侬对莎拉所有的怀疑”,因此也应排除。
5.从文章中我们可得知 _____.[A] 玛侬的丈夫是不知名的、仗势欺人的人[B] 玛侬是值得读者同情的真正的女英雄[C] 莎拉事实上比她的主人玛侬更聪明[D] 沃特是异族卖淫的证明[精解] 本题考查事实细节。文章首句提到,这篇小说中真正的女英雄离所叙述的内容有一段距离。因此文章一开始就埋下了伏笔。接下来文章介绍了小说的主人公及大概情节。到了第四段末,文章指出,读者对所有人物的看法突然都发生了改变。玛侬对莎拉的怀疑都是有根据的,而且玛侬还赢得了读者对她个性的由衷的钦佩。由此可见,玛侬是文章一开始提到的“真正的女英雄”。[B]正确。玛侬的丈夫在第一段中是“仗势欺人的人”,但到了第四段则“表现出令人钦佩的坚强和勇气”,因此[A]不正确。[C]无从推知。由第一段末可知,沃特是男主人和莎拉的私生子,[D]错在prostitution.
核心词汇或超纲词汇(1)remove(n.)距离,差距,间距,如:She seemed to be living at one ~ from reality.(她好象生活在现实之外的什么地方。)
(2)resourceful (a.) 资源丰富的;有机智的,多策略的,足智多谋的(3)be struck by/on/with sb./sth.被某人(或某物)打动,迷住(4)the order of the day常见的,流行的,适宜的,如:Pessimism seems to be ~.(悲观失望似乎是当今司空见惯的情形。)
(5)pathological(a.)不理智的,无道理的,无法控制的;病态的(6)objectionable(a.)令人不快的,令人反感的,讨厌的(7)polarized(a.)两极化的,截然对立的(8)unsustainable(a.)不能持续的,无法维持的(9)explosion(n.)爆炸;突增,猛增;(感情,尤指愤怒的)突然爆发,迸发(10)mobile(a.)可移动的;流动的;多变的,易变的
全文翻译这篇小说中真正的女英雄离所叙述的内容有一段距离。表面上看,读者更容易对神秘而足智多谋的女奴莎拉产生同情和好奇,因为她成为了三角恋爱关系中的一角。莎拉是玛侬的财产,因此当女主人来到路易斯安那州破败的糖料种植园,嫁给懒惰、仗势欺人的男主人时,莎拉也跟随而来。但是玛侬的丈夫很快被莎拉迷住,这从他们生下来的弱智的小儿子沃特那得到了证明。
然而,读者被迫通过玛侬,而不是莎拉的视角去看这一切。玛侬意识让人很不舒服。虽然礼貌在白人社会中是司空见惯的,但她和奴隶谈话时从不说“请”或“谢谢”。玛侬对异族通婚有着强烈的兴趣,(在这个故事发生的时间——19世纪初——和地点,这种关注是寻常的,但她的过度关注却是病态的)。沃特继承了他父亲的红色卷发和绿眼睛,他母亲的金色皮肤和丰满的、向前凸起的嘴唇,因此成了玛侬特别憎恨的对象。但是她仍然喋喋不休地谈论着所有“可怕的混血”,讨厌的“黄种”人。
在玛侬矛盾的观点之外,我们可以粗略瞥见“自由的黑人”和正在兴起的黑人中产阶级。让玛侬感到厌恶的是,这些人实际上都有自尊。在新奥尔良买鞋子时,玛侬对店主出乎意料的粗鲁感到吃惊。异族的妓女们得到了男种植园主们的喜爱,因为她们可以提供妻子不能给予的一些神秘的东西。那些东西到底是什么?为什么妻子不能给予?这都是玛侬不可能提出来的问题,更别提回答了。
该书前三分之一的内容是有关玛侬、莎拉和那个总是被称之为“我的丈夫”或“他”的男人之间的不稳定的、难以持续的和平关系。在风起云涌的奴隶起义和奴隶报复行动的背景下,显然和平不会持续太久。这本书的微妙之处在于随着故事情节的发展,当感情不可避免地突然爆发时,我们对所有人物的看法突然都发生了改变。原来玛侬对莎拉的所有的怀疑都是有根据的;在死亡之际,玛侬的丈夫表现出令人钦佩的坚强和勇气;而玛侬本人则赢得了读者对她的勇敢、坚忍和毫不自怜的个性的由衷的钦佩。
也许这个社会最残忍的地方是它支解和扭曲家庭感情的方式。奴隶的孩子出生后很快就会被卖掉;莎拉未来的丈夫如果想要得到她就要用钱买;而玛侬自己也究竟只不过是她丈夫的财产。
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