考研英语语法大全:动名词意义、形式和特征
动名词——
意义、形式和特征
1)动名词(gerund)为非限定动词的一种,由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,与现在分词同形,动名词有动词和名词的特征。
2)动名词的动词特征:
a)动名词可以有宾语。如:
I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那台机器了。
b)动名词可以用状语来修饰。如:
They have started working in the apple-orchard.他们已经开始在苹果园里劳动了。
动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语,如上两例中的
repairing that machine和working in the apple-orchard。
3)动名词的名词特征 在句中可作主语、宾语等。如:
Getting up early is a good habit.起早是个好习惯。(动名词getting up作主语)
The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外宾喜欢看中国杂技。(动名词seeing作宾语)
用法:动名词可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
1)作主语:
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.学习英语朗读很重要。
Looking down on women is feudal ideology.轻视妇女是封建意识。
[注]在下面结构中,亦可用引词讧作形式主语,把意义上的主语即动名词放在句末。如:
It’s no use over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也没有用。(作无益的后悔没有用)
It’s no good talking about it.谈也无用。
2)作表语:
Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂猪。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他爱好集邮。
[注] 动名词作表语时,不可与进行时态相混淆。试比较:
She was washing clothes. (过去进行时)
她正在洗衣服。
Her job was washing clothes. (动名词)
她的工作是洗衣服。
3)作宾语:
a)作直接宾语,用在begin,start,stop,finish,like等动词后面。如:
please stop talking.请不要讲话。
You must practise reading English aloud.你应练习朗读英语。
b)作介词的宾语。如:
My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜欢看小说。
We’re tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我们对天天吃同样的饭菜感到厌倦。
Instead of going to Zhongshan park,they went to the ZOO.他们没有去中山公园,到动物园去了。
Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以教书为生。
He was punished for stealing.他因偷盗受到惩罚。
4)作定语:
My father works in a printing shop.我的父亲在一个印刷厂工作。
Our school built a swimming pool last summer.我们学校去年夏天修建了一个游泳池。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我们教师的教学方法很好。
动名词的否定结构
动名词否定结构由not加动名词组成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.试验没有成功也比不试验好。
He Hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己没有用功。
动名词复合结构
物主代词或名词所有格加动名词,构成动名词复合结构。在动名词复合结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语动词。这种结构在句中可用作主语、宾语等。如:
Your going there will help a lot.你到那里对事情将大有帮助。
(your going there作主语)
Please excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你。(my interrupting you作excuse的宾语)
Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽烟吗?(my smoking作mind的宾语)
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang’s coming to see her.刘大娘很高兴王来看她。(Wang’s coming作介词about的宾语)
We are looking forward to the expert’s coming to speak to us.我们盼望那位专家来给我们作报告。(the expert’s coming作look forward to的宾语)
[注]在口语中,这种结构中的名词往往不用所有格,而用通格,代词往往不用物主代词,而用宾格,如上面第二、五两句可改变如下:
Please excuse me interrupting you.
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her.
下面再举几例:
His father agreed to him becoming an engine-driver.他父亲同意他做火车司机。
DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you?你还记得我和我母亲来看你吗?
Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太阳吸引海水而引起的。
动名词的时态
1)动名词的时态形式
一般式writing
完成式having written
2)动名词的一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
Children enjoy watching colour TV. 儿童喜欢看彩色电视。
(enjoy与watching同时)
Would you mind opening the window and letting a little a air in?请你打开窗子,透透气好吗? (opening和letting发生在mind之后)
注意下面两句中动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
Do you remember cutting rice on the state farm? 你记得在国营农场割水稻的事吗? (cutting发生在remember之前)
I shall never forget seeing Lu Xun for the first time in 1932.我永远不会忘记一九三二年第一次见到鲁迅的情景。(seeing发生在 forget之前)
3)动名词的完成式动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I regret having been unable to write to you earlier.我很抱歉未能早点写信给你。
His leg showed no symptom of having been injured.他的腿不像受过伤。
We were overjoyed at the news of China haying launched another man-made satellite.我们听到中国又发射了一颗人造卫星时都很高兴。
动名词的被动语态
动名词有两种被动语态形式:
一般式being written
完成式having been written
例:
This picture shows a child being beaten by a Japanese soldier.这张照片上一个孩子在遭到日本兵毒打。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.会议延期并未和他商量。
动名词和动词不定式的比较
从结构上看,两者不同之点有:动名词前可用介词,它还可被名词(或代词)所有格修饰;不定式前通常不用介词,更不能被名词(或代词)所有格修饰。动名词和动词不定式在实际运用中,有下列各点值得注意:
1)动名词所表示的动作,在意义上比较一般和抽象,时间观念不强,不指某一次动作;动词不定式则常表示某个具体动作。如:
The students like playing football.这些学生喜欢踢足球。(经常性的爱好)
Would you like to play football this afternoon?你今天下午愿意踢球吗?(指一次的动作)
2)动词不定式所表示的动作的逻辑主语常常是句子里的-一个名词或代词,动名词所表示的动作的逻辑主语,可能是句子里的名词或代词,但也可能指一般人或物。如:
She hates to trouble you.她不愿意麻烦你。(to trouble的逻辑主语是she)
She hates smoking.她不喜欢吸烟。(smoking的逻辑主语不一定是she,也可能是"别人")
3)有些动词,如:stop,remember,forget,后接动名词和后接动词不定式,其意义有所不同。试比较:
Stop talking.不要讲话!(talking的宾语,指停止"讲话"这个动作)
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来一想。(to think是目的状语,指停下来,以便想一想)
I remember seeing him。我记得见过他。(已见过,指过去的动作)
You must remember to post the letter.你不要忘了寄这封信。(还没有寄,指未来的动作)
4)某些及物动词后面只能跟动名词作为它的直接宾语,不能跟动词不定式。其中常用的有finish(作完,结束),avoid(避免),enjoy(享受),mind(在意,反对),insist on(坚持),object to(反对),give up(放弃),practise (实践,练习),put off(延期)等。如:
We all enjoy listening go Beethoven’s symphonies.我们都喜欢听贝多芬的交响乐曲。
We should avoid making grammer mistakes in our exercises.我们应在练习中避免犯语法错误。
The doctor says I must give up smoking.医生说我必须戒烟。
Would you mind repeating what you have just said?你重复一下你刚才说过的话好吗?
5)某些及物动词后只能跟动词不定式作为它的直接宾语。常用的有want(要想),wish(希望,想要),hope(希望),agree(同意),promise(允诺),mean(打算),decide(决定),expect(期望),manage(设法),pretend(假装)等。如:
I hope to visit China again.我希望再访问中国。
I wish to take this opportunity to make up for the lessons I have missed.我想趁此机会把拉下的课补上。
Teachers and students managed to set up a laboratory.师生设法修建了一个实验室。
6)某些及物动词后可跟动名词也可跟动词不定式作它的直接宾语。其中常用的有begin(开始),start(开始),continue(继续),like(喜欢),hate(恨),prefer(宁愿)等。如:
When did you begin learning (to learn) typewriting?你什么时候开始学打字的?
They continued working (to work) after the meal.他们饭后继续工作。
二者形式相同。但动名词有动词性质(有时态和语态变化,可有宾语和状语),没有复数,前面也不可用冠词。名词化的动名词(verbal noun)的用法则和一般名词完全一样:它没有动词性质,有单复数形式,前面可用冠词。试比较:
She likes reading Jane Eyre.她喜欢读《简·爱》。(动名词)
The reading of The Dream of the Red Chamber took her about two weeks.她花了差不多两周的时间读完《红楼梦》。(名词化的动名词)
They started cleaning their room at six.他们六点钟开始打扫房间。(动名词)
They gave the classroom a good cleaning.他们把教室很好地打扫了一下。(名词化的动名词)
reading阅读(可用作动名词或名词化的动名词)
readings读物(只能是名词化的动名词)
writing写作(可用作动名词或名词化的动名词)
writings作品(只能是名词化的动名词)
动名词和现在分词用作定语时的区别
动名词用作定语时,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系,即它不是该名词的动作。现在分词用作定语时,则和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系,它是该名词的动作。试比较:
reading materials阅读材料(reading是动名词用作定语,逻辑上materials决非.reading的主语,reading materials = materials for reading。)
leading comrades领导同志(1eading是现在分词作定语,逻辑上comrades是leading的主语,leading comrades= comrades who lead。)
动名词作定语的例子还有:
a reading-room阅览室
drinking water饮用水
a writing course一门写作课
a sleeping car卧车(火车中可以睡觉的车厢)
the getting-up bell起床铃
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