注：谓语动词用红笔标出。蓝笔为应当重点关注的短语。

★(94-74) Galileo’ s greatest glory was //that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove //that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 伽利略最伟大的成就是，1609年，他第一个把新发明的望远镜对准太空，以证明行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转。

【分析：】两个由that引导的名词性从句，第一个充当本句表语，第二个充当宾语。

Glory一词要根据语境选择词义。此处，解释为“光荣，荣誉”明显不合适，应理解为“贡献，成就”。Invented一词为过去分词充当前置定语。Turn ...on把...对准.rather than而非（重点关注的短语）

★（95-71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault //that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 【参考译文】把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的过程当中，批评者们忽略了由于使用者所获信息不全或能力有限所造成的错误。

【分析：】that 引导定于从句，表示因果关系，由于ill-informed, in compentent所以出现了fault.

the target指的是上文的the standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used ... have been the target of recent attacks...所以翻译时可将其指代内容具体化出来。

Attack一词根据语境选择词义翻译为“抨击”。Divert attention from 把注意力从...转移开来，没有注意到。Ill-informed与well-informed 相反。根据本文第二句话how well the predications will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used, 可见信息在标准化测试中占有很重要的地位，ill-informed恰恰说明作为评价基础的信息出了问题，翻译为“信息不全”。

★（95-73) [Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation] //depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity ///and upon such factors as cost and availability.因此，究竟是使用测试，其他种类的信息，还是在特定情况下两者都使用，不但取决于关于相对效度的感性证据，而且还取决于诸如成本和可获得性这样的因素。

★（96-73)This seems mostly effectively done // by supporting a certain amount of research [not related to immediate goals /but of possible consequence in the future]. ［参考译文］ 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

【分析：】本句中的seems相当于is, 构成了被动语态，因为出现了by, 采用“主语转换法”翻译。后置定语related部分可以前置也可加词留在原地翻译。另外一种译文 – 在大多数情况下，通过支持一定数量的研究似乎可以有效地结局这一问题。这些研究与直接目标无关，但在未来可能产生影响。

Mostly一词注意相当于 in most cases. 不能理解为most effectively。

★（98-71) But even more important, it was the farthest// that scientists had been able to look into the past, //for [what they were seeing] //were the patterns and structures //that existed 15 billion years ago. 但是，更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的未来，因为他们所看到的是存在于150亿光年前的天体结构。

【分析：】这句话的难点在于句式的理解，很多人将it was the farthest that 中间that引导的句子理解为定语从句，其实这里是强调句型。判断这两个句型的区别在于-- that在从句中是否充当成分。另外，在强调句型中the farthest可以还原回从句中构成 -- scientists had been able to look into the farthest past 这样的句子。反之，通过对其中the farthest用it was ... that这样的强调句型进行强调，就构成了试题中的句子。

从语义上理解，也说得通，这句话先对farthest进行强调，后一句解释原因，-- 为什么说是最遥远的未来呢，因为那是存在于150亿光年前的结构嘛。

本句子中定语从句短小，前置即可。

★（98-72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,[first put forward in the 1920s,] to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.宇宙大爆炸理论，首创于20世纪20年代，要想维护其主流宇宙起源论的支配地位，巨大云团的存在实际上是必不可少的。

【分析：】##is required for sth to do sth的特殊句式不是很好翻译。如：Food is required for man to be alive.翻译时从for 后面的逻辑主语起翻 “人要想生存必须有食物”，套用这个格式，上面的句子就不攻自破了。

至于[]号中的put 部分，为过去分词作后置定语，翻译时可以前置翻译为“首创于20世纪20年代的宇宙大爆炸理论，”或保留原位置不动。

Explanation翻译为“解释”明显不好，于是根据前后搭配翻译为“论，说”。

virtually实际上。

★（98-75) Odd though it sounds, //cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, //and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade //that it is true.虽然听起来很奇特，宇宙膨胀说是基本粒子物理学当中一些公认的理论在科学上看似可信的推论，而许多天体物理学家七八年来一直对此深信不疑。

【分析：】odd though it sounds是倒装结构，正常语序为—though it sounds odd, 类似的句子如fat as she is, she is quite charming!

Inflation，consequence, respected ideas, 都需要根据上下文选择恰当的表达方式，分别译为 – 宇宙膨胀论/说/学说， 推论， 公认理论，不可译为“结果，受人尊敬的观点”等。

For the better part of a decade中文中没有这个表达方式，“大半个十年”自然只好翻译为“七八年”了。

★（2000-71)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts［参考译文］在现代条件下，这需要采取不同的中央控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。

【分析：】this 主语，require谓语， measures和the help共同充当宾语。

Operational research experts为术语，因此，即使不翻译成标准的“运筹学专家”，字对字直接翻译未“操作研究专家”也不会扣分。

（2001-72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, //computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, //relaxation will be in front of smell-television, //and digital age will have arrived. ［参考译文］儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。

　【分析：】这个句式很有汉语特点，几个简单句用逗号连接并列出现，实在少见。

Equipped一词为过去分词作后置定语，翻译时可以前置。In-built personalities翻译为根据上下文，加词翻译为“内置个性芯片”，因为“性格”

没有办法内置。

本句翻译还应该注意事态的问题，尤其will have arrived, 表示前三个将来状态发生时，第四个状态已经发生，“届时，数字化的时代将已经到来了”。

★（2002-61) One difficulty is // that almost all of [what is called behavioral science ]continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

【分析：】that引导表语从句，名词从句翻译原则为留在原地不动。本句话的难点在于几个术语词定名表达，state of mind心态， traits of character性格特征等。Trace...to追本求源，追溯。

★（2002-62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change //partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed // and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

【分析：】两个原因状语从句并列出现。难点在于explanatory items, explanations需要根据上下文翻译为 -- 解释依据, 解释方式。这个主要需要根据动宾搭配来推断，observed到的用来explain的当然是“解释依据”。

2003翻译题未讲部分

(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment // in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

[分析]划线部分为主句，in which引导定语从句修饰先行词the environment, subjecting…为分词作结果状语。

Furthermore翻译为递进关系都算对，modify改进，定从前置，subject…to…使…服从于

[翻译]再者，人类有能力改进自己的生存环境，从而使其他的生命形式臣服于自己独特的想法和想象。

(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry/ which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner/ that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

[分析]动词为红笔部分，按照蓝色的标志词切分。Which引导的是大定从，内套了that引导的小定从。Which指代intellectual enquiry, 用“它”替代.

这句话中的抽象词翻译为难点。intellectual enquiry其中enquiry 为“探索”不能翻译为“询问”，endeavor为“行为”不能为“努力”，dispassioned为褒义词，“冷静的”

[翻译]社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它寻求用理性、有序、系统、冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为，自然科学家用同样的方式研究自然现象。

(64)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole // which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

[分析]划线部分为过去分词作后置定语表示被动语态，放在belief或any other capabilities前翻译都算对。Which引导定语从句，修饰complex whole.

[翻译]泰勒将文化定义为一个复合体，它包含人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗，以及其他各种能力和习惯。  

(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept/ which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

[分析] make sth possible是正常顺序，文中immense amounts of concrete research and understanding倒装了，正常应该说makes immense amounts of concrete research and understanding possible.

[翻译] 因此，人类学中“文化”的感念，如同数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使得无数的具体研究和认知成为可能。

2004 题目详解

(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.

assumed 假定；认为；以为 the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程

took root生根；扎根;

long before 早在…之前；不要与before long（不久，不久以后）相混淆

how diverse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别could be 可能会是（can 过去式）

【译文】希腊人认为，语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。这种观点，早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别/多样性之前，在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了。

(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

be obliged to感激某人

have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了；

此处的since 表示 “从此以后”之意；

die out 灭绝，完全的灭亡（cease living completely; become extinct）；不宜译作 “死亡，消失”。

　【译文】我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，原因是使用这些语言的民族要么灭绝，要么被同化，从而丧失了自己的本族语。

(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

so ... that …（如此…以至于）结构；

措词注意accused sb. of sth. (指责／谴责某人作了某事)，

fabricating（捏造, 伪造, 虚构），

the newly described （这些新近被描述的），

strikingly different（显著的不同）the well studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）。

【译文】新近描述出来的各种语言往往与经过深入研究的欧洲、东南亚语言截然不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责鲍厄斯和萨丕尔捏造事实

(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

being interested in …应译作一个句子，即 “Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣”，

develop与idea搭配，不宜照字面译作 “发展”，而是“形成观点，创立理论”，否则不合汉语的表达习惯；habitual thought 应译作 “习惯(性)思维”，而不宜译作 “思考、思想”。同位语结构可考虑用冒号提示性方法来处理。

【译文】沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点，认为在人类社会中，语言结构决定惯性思维结构。

(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

此句是5个试题中最难的一句。一是结构复杂，句中有句，一环套一环；

二是一些词语不宜直译，如：come to believe 开始相信；in its strongest form在其最强烈的形式下；imprison把……关在监狱中，囚禁；far-reaching伸得很远的；

【译文】Whorf逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法结构可以对一个社会文化产生深远的影响。

2005考研翻译题

46. Television is one of the means // by which these feelings are created and conveyed --// and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

【要点：】定语从句，被动语态，倒装句式

本句出现了4个动词，大致切分为三句，其中by which 引导定语从句修饰means, 括折号后用and连接并列句。convey 传递/传播。 feelings感觉/情绪。Events事件。

首先考虑定语从句的位置问题，one of the means与by which在意义上联系紧密，故而从句前置。被动语态不宜直译，应该转为被动语态。倒装句式的翻译技巧为还原，于是得到perhaps it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 直译：电视也许还从来没有起过如此重大的作用，去联系不同的民族和国家，就像在最近的欧洲事件中那样。然后根据汉语表达习惯适当调整。

【参考译文：】电视是创造和传递这些情感的方式之一。在欧洲近期发生的事件中，电视在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面，也许起到了前所未有的作用

47. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups //which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house //that work in relation to one another.

【翻译要点：】同位语，定语从句

本句考察了两句定语从句，这种一长一短两个定语从句套用的情况在2003（62），2001（73）题中都出现过，一般是一句独立成句，一句译为前置定语。请注意根据动词work 为复数形式，that work in relation to one another修饰前面五个并列名词。increasingly successful直译“越来越成功”。

【参考译文：】同其他地区一样，在欧洲，多媒体集团蒸蒸日上，这些集团将相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志以及出版社等媒体联合起来。

48. This alone demonstrates //that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, //a fact underlined by statistics that show // that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

【翻译要点】：宾语从句，定语从句，同位语，过去分词作后置定语

本句重点表现了考研长难句式的特点，多重复合句层层嵌套。难点在于要判别a fact后接的underlined为过去分词充当后置定语，而不是谓语动词。这可以从其后接by来判断。本句的结构为“That the television business is not an easy world to survive in”是宾语从句， “a fact underlined … 1989”为同位语修饰说明前一句话,印证not easy. “that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989”为定语从句， 修饰statistics. 而其中“that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989”为show的宾语从句。

词汇层面上out of 和no less than是不少同学容易搞错的地方。Out of后接数字，不表示“超出”或“出来”，相当于among,表示“从…中”：比如：Out of the six members, four are men.（六名成员中四名为男性）。 No less than表示“多达，有…之多”

【参考译文：】仅这一点就足以表明要在电视界生存绝非易事，统计数字更强调了这一事实： 1989年，在80家欧洲电视网中，一半以上出现亏损。

49．Creating an “European identity”//that respect different cultures and traditions //which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent// is no easy task and demands a strategic choice

【翻译要点：】选词角度注意European identity, connecting fabric.考点依然是定语从句套用。which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent修饰cultures and traditions。

【参考译文：】创造一个尊重不同文化传统的“欧洲统一体”并非易事，需要做出战略性选择。正是这些文化传统的纽带将这个历史悠久的大洲联为一体。

50. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall".

【翻译要点：】英文习语（团结就是力量）可以根据上下文适当调整，此处united呼应前文的multi-media group, bring together.

【参考译文：】可以毫不夸张地说，要应付如此大规模的挑战，“合则存，分必亡。”