名词主体论---结构决定论

名词主体论：段落的主要内容和大意体现在段落的主题句中，而且，句子的内容体现在句子的主语、宾语主体上。因此，为了提高解题效率，考生可以通过句子的主语和宾语的名词把握句子、段落或篇章的含义。即，名词主体论。

结构决定论：段落排序题的文章结构特点与阅读理解大体一致，一般来说，有六种相对固定的结构形式。因此，在利用名词主题论理解每个段落内容之后，可以利用文章结构，将段落准确排序。

常见的文章结构顺序包含：

一． 议论文

1.议题---问题---原因---对策

2.议题---问题---对策---结论（未来）

3.议题---问题---对策---结论（过去）

4.反面话题---驳斥观点---原因---观点—展望未来

二． 说明文

1.积极事物---优点---缺点---展望未来

2.消极事物---缺点---优点---回顾过去

三． 叙事文

按照时间先后顺序排序。包含时间，时态和动作。

解题步骤分析：

步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。

理解给定的段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。

步骤二、理解供排序的段落确定段落的内容方向。

理解供排序段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。

步骤三、按照文章结构及段落内容准确排序。

利用文章结构，结合以各个段落的内容，准确将段落排序。

解题实战练习：

Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t — it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.

[B] “Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.

[C] “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies．

[D] “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.

[E] “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.

[F] “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”

[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

Order:

G--41--42--43--44--45--F

步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。

理解给定的段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。

第G段：

A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job.

利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：was putting on a number of seminars “举行一系列的论坛”；the topic to be discussed was motivation “供讨论的主题是主动性”. 表明该段叙述“议题”，确定本文是议论文。

步骤二、理解供排序的段落确定段落的内容方向。

理解供排序段落内容（段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句），重点关注动作内容。

第A段：“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal.

利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：motivate them to do a better job“鼓励他们作好工作”；budget crunch“预算危机”； no financial rewards“经济奖励”. 表明该段叙述“（自己的）对策”

第B段：“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.

利用名词主体论提炼信息为：promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork.“升职与文字工作的好坏有关”。表明该段叙述“（自己的）对策”

第C段：“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. 利用名词主体论提炼信息为：real problem“实质问题” send them out on the street“派他们到街上”。表明该段叙述“问题（派出去）”

第D段：“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion.

利用名词主体论提炼信息为：Some people“一些人”；suggested“建议”；performance criterion“评价表现的标准”。表明该段叙述“（他人的）对策”

第E段：“The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately.

利用名词主体论提炼信息为：problem“问题”； get back to the station“回到警察局”。表明该段叙述“问题（回局里）”

步骤三、按照文章结构及段落内容准确排序。

利用文章结构，结合以各个段落的内容，准确将段落排序。

因此：正确的顺序为C—E---A---B---D